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web/res/js/backbone-relational.js

changeset 1512	487ca37bb0c7
parent 872	6b7c534792b7

equal deleted inserted replaced

-:25731d245eda
+:487ca37bb0c7
 /* vim: set tabstop=4 softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 noexpandtab: */
 /**
-* Backbone-relational.js 0.8.5
+* Backbone-relational.js 0.10.0
-* (c) 2011-2013 Paul Uithol and contributors (https://github.com/PaulUithol/Backbone-relational/graphs/contributors)
+* (c) 2011-2014 Paul Uithol and contributors (https://github.com/PaulUithol/Backbone-relational/graphs/contributors)
 *
 * Backbone-relational may be freely distributed under the MIT license; see the accompanying LICENSE.txt.
 * For details and documentation: https://github.com/PaulUithol/Backbone-relational.
 * Depends on Backbone (and thus on Underscore as well): https://github.com/documentcloud/backbone.
+*
+* Example:
+*
+	Zoo = Backbone.RelationalModel.extend({
+		relations: [ {
+			type: Backbone.HasMany,
+			key: 'animals',
+			relatedModel: 'Animal',
+			reverseRelation: {
+				key: 'livesIn',
+				includeInJSON: 'id'
+				// 'relatedModel' is automatically set to 'Zoo'; the 'relationType' to 'HasOne'.
+			}
+		} ],
+		toString: function() {
+			return this.get( 'name' );
+		}
+	});
+	Animal = Backbone.RelationalModel.extend({
+		toString: function() {
+			return this.get( 'species' );
+		}
+	});
+	// Creating the zoo will give it a collection with one animal in it: the monkey.
+	// The animal created after that has a relation `livesIn` that points to the zoo it's currently associated with.
+	// If you instantiate (or fetch) the zebra later, it will automatically be added.
+	var zoo = new Zoo({
+		name: 'Artis',
+		animals: [ { id: 'monkey-1', species: 'Chimp' }, 'lion-1', 'zebra-1' ]
+	});
+	var lion = new Animal( { id: 'lion-1', species: 'Lion' } ),
+		monkey = zoo.get( 'animals' ).first(),
+		sameZoo = lion.get( 'livesIn' );
 */
-( function( undefined ) {
+( function( root, factory ) {
+	// Set up Backbone-relational for the environment. Start with AMD.
+	if ( typeof define === 'function' && define.amd ) {
+		define( [ 'exports', 'backbone', 'underscore' ], factory );
+	}
+	// Next for Node.js or CommonJS.
+	else if ( typeof exports !== 'undefined' ) {
+		factory( exports, require( 'backbone' ), require( 'underscore' ) );
+	}
+	// Finally, as a browser global. Use `root` here as it references `window`.
+	else {
+		factory( root, root.Backbone, root._ );
+	}
+}( this, function( exports, Backbone, _ ) {
 	"use strict";
-	/**
-	 * CommonJS shim
-	 **/
-	var _, Backbone, exports;
-	if ( typeof window === 'undefined' ) {
-		_ = require( 'underscore' );
-		Backbone = require( 'backbone' );
-		exports = module.exports = Backbone;
-	}
-	else {
-		_ = window._;
-		Backbone = window.Backbone;
-		exports = window;
-	}
 	Backbone.Relational = {
 		showWarnings: true
 	};
 			else {
 				func();
 			}
 		},
+		// Some of the queued events may trigger other blocking events. By
+		// copying the queue here it allows queued events to process closer to
+		// the natural order.
+		//
+		// queue events [ 'A', 'B', 'C' ]
+		// A handler of 'B' triggers 'D' and 'E'
+		// By copying `this._queue` this executes:
+		// [ 'A', 'B', 'D', 'E', 'C' ]
+		// The same order the would have executed if they didn't have to be
+		// delayed and queued.
 		process: function() {
-			while ( this._queue && this._queue.length ) {
+			var queue = this._queue;
-				this._queue.shift()();
+			this._queue = [];
+			while ( queue && queue.length ) {
+				queue.shift()();
 			}
 		},
 		block: function() {
 			this.acquire();
 		 * @param {Object} [options]
 		 */
 		initializeRelation: function( model, relation, options ) {
 			var type = !_.isString( relation.type ) ? relation.type : Backbone[ relation.type ] || this.getObjectByName( relation.type );
 			if ( type && type.prototype instanceof Backbone.Relation ) {
-				new type( model, relation, options ); // Also pushes the new Relation into `model._relations`
+				var rel = new type( model, relation, options ); // Also pushes the new Relation into `model._relations`
 			}
 			else {
 				Backbone.Relational.showWarnings && typeof console !== 'undefined' && console.warn( 'Relation=%o; missing or invalid relation type!', relation );
 			}
 		},
 		 *
 		 * @param {Backbone.RelationalModel} modelType
 		 */
 		setupSuperModel: function( modelType ) {
 			_.find( this._subModels, function( subModelDef ) {
-				return _.find( subModelDef.subModels || [], function( subModelTypeName, typeValue ) {
+				return _.filter( subModelDef.subModels || [], function( subModelTypeName, typeValue ) {
 					var subModelType = this.getObjectByName( subModelTypeName );
 					if ( modelType === subModelType ) {
 						// Set 'modelType' as a child of the found superModel
 						subModelDef.superModelType._subModels[ typeValue ] = modelType;
 						modelType._superModel = subModelDef.superModelType;
 						modelType._subModelTypeValue = typeValue;
 						modelType._subModelTypeAttribute = subModelDef.superModelType.prototype.subModelTypeAttribute;
 						return true;
 					}
-				}, this );
+				}, this ).length;
 			}, this );
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Add a reverse relation. Is added to the 'relations' property on model's prototype, and to
 			var exists = _.any( this._reverseRelations, function( rel ) {
 				return _.all( relation || [], function( val, key ) {
 					return val === rel[ key ];
 				});
 			});
 			if ( !exists && relation.model && relation.type ) {
 				this._reverseRelations.push( relation );
 				this._addRelation( relation.model, relation );
 				this.retroFitRelation( relation );
 			}
 			coll && coll.each( function( model ) {
 				if ( !( model instanceof relation.model ) ) {
 					return;
 				}
-				new relation.type( model, relation );
+				var rel = new relation.type( model, relation );
 			}, this );
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Find the Store's collection for a certain type of model.
 		 */
 		getCollection: function( type, create ) {
 			if ( type instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) {
 				type = type.constructor;
 			}
 			var rootModel = type;
 			while ( rootModel._superModel ) {
 				rootModel = rootModel._superModel;
 			}
-			var coll = _.findWhere( this._collections, { model: rootModel } );
+			var coll = _.find( this._collections, function( item ) {
+				return item.model === rootModel;
+			});
 			if ( !coll && create !== false ) {
 				coll = this._createCollection( rootModel );
 			}
 			return coll;
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Find a model type on one of the modelScopes by name. Names are split on dots.
 			return type;
 		},
 		_createCollection: function( type ) {
 			var coll;
 			// If 'type' is an instance, take its constructor
 			if ( type instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) {
 				type = type.constructor;
 			}
 			// Type should inherit from Backbone.RelationalModel.
 			if ( type.prototype instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) {
 				coll = new Backbone.Collection();
 				coll.model = type;
 				this._collections.push( coll );
 			}
 			return coll;
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Find the attribute that is to be used as the `id` on a given object
 		 * Find a specific model of a certain `type` in the store
 		 * @param type
 		 * @param {String|Number|Object|Backbone.RelationalModel} item
 		 */
 		find: function( type, item ) {
-			var id = this.resolveIdForItem( type, item );
+			var id = this.resolveIdForItem( type, item ),
-			var coll = this.getCollection( type );
+				coll = this.getCollection( type );
 			// Because the found object could be of any of the type's superModel
 			// types, only return it if it's actually of the type asked for.
 			if ( coll ) {
 				var obj = coll.get( id );
 			var coll = this.getCollection( model );
 			if ( coll ) {
 				var modelColl = model.collection;
 				coll.add( model );
-				this.listenTo( model, 'destroy', this.unregister, this );
 				model.collection = modelColl;
 			}
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Explicitly update a model's id in its store collection
 		 * @param {Backbone.RelationalModel} model
 		 */
 		update: function( model ) {
 			var coll = this.getCollection( model );
+			// Register a model if it isn't yet (which happens if it was created without an id).
+			if ( !coll.contains( model ) ) {
+				this.register( model );
+			}
 			// This triggers updating the lookup indices kept in a collection
 			coll._onModelEvent( 'change:' + model.idAttribute, model, coll );
 			// Trigger an event on model so related models (having the model's new id in their keyContents) can add it.
 			model.trigger( 'relational:change:id', model, coll );
 		},
 		/**
-		 * Remove a 'model' from the store.
+		 * Unregister from the store: a specific model, a collection, or a model type.
-		 * @param {Backbone.RelationalModel} model
+		 * @param {Backbone.RelationalModel|Backbone.RelationalModel.constructor|Backbone.Collection} type
 		 */
-		unregister: function( model ) {
+		unregister: function( type ) {
-			this.stopListening( model, 'destroy', this.unregister );
+			var coll,
-			var coll = this.getCollection( model );
+				models;
-			coll && coll.remove( model );
+			if ( type instanceof Backbone.Model ) {
+				coll = this.getCollection( type );
+				models = [ type ];
+			}
+			else if ( type instanceof Backbone.Collection ) {
+				coll = this.getCollection( type.model );
+				models = _.clone( type.models );
+			}
+			else {
+				coll = this.getCollection( type );
+				models = _.clone( coll.models );
+			}
+			_.each( models, function( model ) {
+				this.stopListening( model );
+				_.invoke( model.getRelations(), 'stopListening' );
+			}, this );
+			// If we've unregistered an entire store collection, reset the collection (which is much faster).
+			// Otherwise, remove each model one by one.
+			if ( _.contains( this._collections, type ) ) {
+				coll.reset( [] );
+			}
+			else {
+				_.each( models, function( model ) {
+					if ( coll.get( model ) ) {
+						coll.remove( model );
+					}
+					else {
+						coll.trigger( 'relational:remove', model, coll );
+					}
+				}, this );
+			}
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Reset the `store` to it's original state. The `reverseRelations` are kept though, since attempting to
 		 * re-initialize these on models would lead to a large amount of warnings.
 		 */
 		reset: function() {
 			this.stopListening();
+			// Unregister each collection to remove event listeners
+			_.each( this._collections, function( coll ) {
+				this.unregister( coll );
+			}, this );
 			this._collections = [];
 			this._subModels = [];
 			this._modelScopes = [ exports ];
 		}
 	});
 		this.key = this.options.key;
 		this.keySource = this.options.keySource || this.key;
 		this.keyDestination = this.options.keyDestination || this.keySource || this.key;
 		this.model = this.options.model || this.instance.constructor;
 		this.relatedModel = this.options.relatedModel;
+		// No 'relatedModel' is interpreted as self-referential
+		if ( _.isUndefined( this.relatedModel ) ) {
+			this.relatedModel = this.model;
+		}
+		// Otherwise, try to resolve the given value to an object
+		if ( _.isFunction( this.relatedModel ) && !( this.relatedModel.prototype instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) ) {
+			this.relatedModel = _.result( this, 'relatedModel' );
+		}
 		if ( _.isString( this.relatedModel ) ) {
 			this.relatedModel = Backbone.Relational.store.getObjectByName( this.relatedModel );
 		}
 		if ( !this.checkPreconditions() ) {
 			return;
 		}
 			) );
 		}
 		if ( instance ) {
 			var contentKey = this.keySource;
-			if ( contentKey !== this.key && typeof this.instance.get( this.key ) === 'object' ) {
+			if ( contentKey !== this.key && _.isObject( this.instance.get( this.key ) ) ) {
 				contentKey = this.key;
 			}
 			this.setKeyContents( this.instance.get( contentKey ) );
 			this.relatedCollection = Backbone.Relational.store.getCollection( this.relatedModel );
 			// Explicitly clear 'keySource', to prevent a leaky abstraction if 'keySource' differs from 'key'.
 			if ( this.keySource !== this.key ) {
-				this.instance.unset( this.keySource, { silent: true } );
+				delete this.instance.attributes[ this.keySource ];
 			}
 			// Add this Relation to instance._relations
 			this.instance._relations[ this.key ] = this;
 			this.initialize( opts );
 			if ( this.options.autoFetch ) {
-				this.instance.fetchRelated( this.key, _.isObject( this.options.autoFetch ) ? this.options.autoFetch : {} );
+				this.instance.getAsync( this.key, _.isObject( this.options.autoFetch ) ? this.options.autoFetch : {} );
 			}
 			// When 'relatedModel' are created or destroyed, check if it affects this relation.
 			this.listenTo( this.instance, 'destroy', this.destroy )
 				.listenTo( this.relatedCollection, 'relational:add relational:change:id', this.tryAddRelated )
-				.listenTo( this.relatedCollection, 'relational:remove', this.removeRelated )
+				.listenTo( this.relatedCollection, 'relational:remove', this.removeRelated );
 		}
 	};
 	// Fix inheritance :\
 	Backbone.Relation.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;
 	// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Relation** properties and methods.
 		 * Set the related model(s) for this relation
 		 * @param {Backbone.Model|Backbone.Collection} related
 		 */
 		setRelated: function( related ) {
 			this.related = related;
-			this.instance.acquire();
 			this.instance.attributes[ this.key ] = related;
-			this.instance.release();
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Determine if a relation (on a different RelationalModel) is the reverse
 		 * relation of the current one.
 		 * @return {Backbone.Relation[]}
 		 */
 		getReverseRelations: function( model ) {
 			var reverseRelations = [];
 			// Iterate over 'model', 'this.related.models' (if this.related is a Backbone.Collection), or wrap 'this.related' in an array.
-			var models = !_.isUndefined( model ) ? [ model ] : this.related && ( this.related.models || [ this.related ] );
+			var models = !_.isUndefined( model ) ? [ model ] : this.related && ( this.related.models || [ this.related ] ),
-			_.each( models || [], function( related ) {
+				relations = null,
-				_.each( related.getRelations() || [], function( relation ) {
+				relation = null;
-						if ( this._isReverseRelation( relation ) ) {
-							reverseRelations.push( relation );
+			for( var i = 0; i < ( models || [] ).length; i++ ) {
-						}
+				relations = models[ i ].getRelations() || [];
-					}, this );
-			}, this );
+				for( var j = 0; j < relations.length; j++ ) {
+					relation = relations[ j ];
+					if ( this._isReverseRelation( relation ) ) {
+						reverseRelations.push( relation );
+					}
+				}
+			}
 			return reverseRelations;
 		},
 		/**
 		 * When `this.instance` is destroyed, cleanup our relations.
 				this.setRelated( null );
 			}
 			else if ( this instanceof Backbone.HasMany ) {
 				this.setRelated( this._prepareCollection() );
 			}
 			_.each( this.getReverseRelations(), function( relation ) {
 				relation.removeRelated( this.instance );
 			}, this );
 		}
 	});
 				var opts = _.defaults( { create: this.options.createModels }, options );
 				related = this.relatedModel.findOrCreate( this.keyContents, opts );
 			}
 			// Nullify `keyId` if we have a related model; in case it was already part of the relation
-			if ( this.related ) {
+			if ( related ) {
 				this.keyId = null;
 			}
 			return related;
 		},
 			if ( this.isLocked() ) {
 				return;
 			}
 			this.acquire();
 			options = options ? _.clone( options ) : {};
 			// 'options.__related' is set by 'addRelated'/'removeRelated'. If it is set, the change
 			// is the result of a call from a relation. If it's not, the change is the result of
 			// a 'set' call on this.instance.
 			var changed = _.isUndefined( options.__related ),
 				oldRelated = changed ? this.related : options.__related;
 			if ( changed ) {
 				this.setKeyContents( attr );
 				var related = this.findRelated( options );
 				this.setRelated( related );
 			}
 			// Notify old 'related' object of the terminated relation
 			if ( oldRelated && this.related !== oldRelated ) {
 				_.each( this.getReverseRelations( oldRelated ), function( relation ) {
 					relation.removeRelated( this.instance, null, options );
 				}, this );
 			// that can be necessary for bi-directional relations if 'this.instance' was created after 'this.related'.
 			// In that case, 'this.instance' will already know 'this.related', but the reverse might not exist yet.
 			_.each( this.getReverseRelations(), function( relation ) {
 				relation.addRelated( this.instance, options );
 			}, this );
 			// Fire the 'change:<key>' event if 'related' was updated
 			if ( !options.silent && this.related !== oldRelated ) {
 				var dit = this;
 				this.changed = true;
 				Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.add( function() {
 		removeRelated: function( model, coll, options ) {
 			if ( !this.related ) {
 				return;
 			}
 			if ( model === this.related ) {
 				var oldRelated = this.related || null;
 				this.setRelated( null );
 				this.onChange( this.instance, model, _.defaults( { __related: oldRelated }, options ) );
 			}
 			collectionOptions: {}
 		},
 		initialize: function( opts ) {
 			this.listenTo( this.instance, 'relational:change:' + this.key, this.onChange );
 			// Handle a custom 'collectionType'
 			this.collectionType = this.options.collectionType;
+			if ( _.isFunction( this.collectionType ) && this.collectionType !== Backbone.Collection && !( this.collectionType.prototype instanceof Backbone.Collection ) ) {
+				this.collectionType = _.result( this, 'collectionType' );
+			}
 			if ( _.isString( this.collectionType ) ) {
 				this.collectionType = Backbone.Relational.store.getObjectByName( this.collectionType );
 			}
 			if ( this.collectionType !== Backbone.Collection && !( this.collectionType.prototype instanceof Backbone.Collection ) ) {
 				throw new Error( '`collectionType` must inherit from Backbone.Collection' );
 				collection = new this.collectionType( null, options );
 			}
 			collection.model = this.relatedModel;
 			if ( this.options.collectionKey ) {
 				var key = this.options.collectionKey === true ? this.options.reverseRelation.key : this.options.collectionKey;
 				if ( collection[ key ] && collection[ key ] !== this.instance ) {
 					if ( Backbone.Relational.showWarnings && typeof console !== 'undefined' ) {
 						console.warn( 'Relation=%o; collectionKey=%s already exists on collection=%o', this, key, this.options.collectionKey );
 					}
 				}
 			}
 			this.listenTo( collection, 'relational:add', this.handleAddition )
 				.listenTo( collection, 'relational:remove', this.handleRemoval )
 				.listenTo( collection, 'relational:reset', this.handleReset );
 			return collection;
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Find related Models.
 			// Re-use the current 'this.related' if it is a Backbone.Collection; otherwise, create a new collection.
 			else {
 				var toAdd = [];
 				_.each( this.keyContents, function( attributes ) {
+					var model = null;
 					if ( attributes instanceof this.relatedModel ) {
-						var model = attributes;
+						model = attributes;
 					}
 					else {
 						// If `merge` is true, update models here, instead of during update.
-						model = this.relatedModel.findOrCreate( attributes,
+						model = ( _.isObject( attributes ) && options.parse && this.relatedModel.prototype.parse ) ?
-							_.extend( { merge: true }, options, { create: this.options.createModels } )
+							this.relatedModel.prototype.parse( _.clone( attributes ), options ) : attributes;
-						);
 					}
 					model && toAdd.push( model );
 				}, this );
 				}
 				else {
 					related = this._prepareCollection();
 				}
-				// By now, both `merge` and `parse` will already have been executed for models if they were specified.
+				// By now, `parse` will already have been executed just above for models if specified.
-				// Disable them to prevent additional calls.
+				// Disable to prevent additional calls.
-				related.set( toAdd, _.defaults( { merge: false, parse: false }, options ) );
+				related.set( toAdd, _.defaults( { parse: false }, options ) );
 			}
 			// Remove entries from `keyIds` that were already part of the relation (and are thus 'unchanged')
 			this.keyIds = _.difference( this.keyIds, _.pluck( related.models, 'id' ) );
 		},
 		/**
 		 * When a model is added to a 'HasMany', trigger 'add' on 'this.instance' and notify reverse relations.
 		 * (should be 'HasOne', must set 'this.instance' as their related).
-		*/
+		 */
 		handleAddition: function( model, coll, options ) {
 			//console.debug('handleAddition called; args=%o', arguments);
 			options = options ? _.clone( options ) : {};
 			this.changed = true;
 			_.each( this.getReverseRelations( model ), function( relation ) {
 				relation.addRelated( this.instance, options );
 			}, this );
 			// Only trigger 'add' once the newly added model is initialized (so, has its relations set up)
 		 */
 		handleRemoval: function( model, coll, options ) {
 			//console.debug('handleRemoval called; args=%o', arguments);
 			options = options ? _.clone( options ) : {};
 			this.changed = true;
 			_.each( this.getReverseRelations( model ), function( relation ) {
 				relation.removeRelated( this.instance, null, options );
 			}, this );
 			var dit = this;
 			!options.silent && Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.add( function() {
-				 dit.instance.trigger( 'remove:' + dit.key, model, dit.related, options );
+				dit.instance.trigger( 'remove:' + dit.key, model, dit.related, options );
 			});
 		},
 		handleReset: function( coll, options ) {
 			var dit = this;
 		relations: null, // Relation descriptions on the prototype
 		_relations: null, // Relation instances
 		_isInitialized: false,
 		_deferProcessing: false,
 		_queue: null,
+		_attributeChangeFired: false, // Keeps track of `change` event firing under some conditions (like nested `set`s)
 		subModelTypeAttribute: 'type',
 		subModelTypes: null,
 		constructor: function( attributes, options ) {
 			// Defer 'processQueue', so that when 'Relation.createModels' is used we trigger 'HasMany'
 			// collection events only after the model is really fully set up.
 			// Example: event for "p.on( 'add:jobs' )" -> "p.get('jobs').add( { company: c.id, person: p.id } )".
 			if ( options && options.collection ) {
 				var dit = this,
-					collection = this.collection =  options.collection;
+					collection = this.collection = options.collection;
 				// Prevent `collection` from cascading down to nested models; they shouldn't go into this `if` clause.
 				delete options.collection;
 				this._deferProcessing = true;
 					processQueue( dit );
 				});
 			}
 			Backbone.Relational.store.processOrphanRelations();
+			Backbone.Relational.store.listenTo( this, 'relational:unregister', Backbone.Relational.store.unregister );
 			this._queue = new Backbone.BlockingQueue();
 			this._queue.block();
 			Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.block();
 			try {
 		trigger: function( eventName ) {
 			if ( eventName.length > 5 && eventName.indexOf( 'change' ) === 0 ) {
 				var dit = this,
 					args = arguments;
-				Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.add( function() {
+				if ( !Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.isBlocked() ) {
-					if ( !dit._isInitialized ) {
+					// If we're not in a more complicated nested scenario, fire the change event right away
-						return;
+					Backbone.Model.prototype.trigger.apply( dit, args );
-					}
+				}
+				else {
-					// Determine if the `change` event is still valid, now that all relations are populated
+					Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.add( function() {
-					var changed = true;
+						// Determine if the `change` event is still valid, now that all relations are populated
-					if ( eventName === 'change' ) {
+						var changed = true;
-						changed = dit.hasChanged();
+						if ( eventName === 'change' ) {
-					}
+							// `hasChanged` may have gotten reset by nested calls to `set`.
-					else {
+							changed = dit.hasChanged() || dit._attributeChangeFired;
-						var attr = eventName.slice( 7 ),
+							dit._attributeChangeFired = false;
-							rel = dit.getRelation( attr );
+						}
+						else {
-						if ( rel ) {
+							var attr = eventName.slice( 7 ),
-							// If `attr` is a relation, `change:attr` get triggered from `Relation.onChange`.
+								rel = dit.getRelation( attr );
-							// These take precedence over `change:attr` events triggered by `Model.set`.
-							// The relation set a fourth attribute to `true`. If this attribute is present,
+							if ( rel ) {
-							// continue triggering this event; otherwise, it's from `Model.set` and should be stopped.
+								// If `attr` is a relation, `change:attr` get triggered from `Relation.onChange`.
-							changed = ( args[ 4 ] === true );
+								// These take precedence over `change:attr` events triggered by `Model.set`.
+								// The relation sets a fourth attribute to `true`. If this attribute is present,
-							// If this event was triggered by a relation, set the right value in `this.changed`
+								// continue triggering this event; otherwise, it's from `Model.set` and should be stopped.
-							// (a Collection or Model instead of raw data).
+								changed = ( args[ 4 ] === true );
-							if ( changed ) {
-								dit.changed[ attr ] = args[ 2 ];
+								// If this event was triggered by a relation, set the right value in `this.changed`
+								// (a Collection or Model instead of raw data).
+								if ( changed ) {
+									dit.changed[ attr ] = args[ 2 ];
+								}
+								// Otherwise, this event is from `Model.set`. If the relation doesn't report a change,
+								// remove attr from `dit.changed` so `hasChanged` doesn't take it into account.
+								else if ( !rel.changed ) {
+									delete dit.changed[ attr ];
+								}
 							}
-							// Otherwise, this event is from `Model.set`. If the relation doesn't report a change,
+							else if ( changed ) {
-							// remove attr from `dit.changed` so `hasChanged` doesn't take it into account.
+								dit._attributeChangeFired = true;
-							else if ( !rel.changed ) {
-								delete dit.changed[ attr ];
 							}
 						}
-					}
+						changed && Backbone.Model.prototype.trigger.apply( dit, args );
-					changed && Backbone.Model.prototype.trigger.apply( dit, args );
+					});
-				});
+				}
+			}
+			else if ( eventName === 'destroy' ) {
+				Backbone.Model.prototype.trigger.apply( this, arguments );
+				Backbone.Relational.store.unregister( this );
 			}
 			else {
 				Backbone.Model.prototype.trigger.apply( this, arguments );
 			}
 			this.processQueue();
 		},
 		/**
 		 * When new values are set, notify this model's relations (also if options.silent is set).
-		 * (Relation.setRelated locks this model before calling 'set' on it to prevent loops)
+		 * (called from `set`; Relation.setRelated locks this model before calling 'set' on it to prevent loops)
-		 */
+		 * @param {Object} [changedAttrs]
-		updateRelations: function( options ) {
+		 * @param {Object} [options]
+		 */
+		updateRelations: function( changedAttrs, options ) {
 			if ( this._isInitialized && !this.isLocked() ) {
 				_.each( this._relations, function( rel ) {
-					// Update from data in `rel.keySource` if set, or `rel.key` otherwise
+					if ( !changedAttrs || ( rel.keySource in changedAttrs || rel.key in changedAttrs ) ) {
-					var val = this.attributes[ rel.keySource ] || this.attributes[ rel.key ];
+						// Fetch data in `rel.keySource` if data got set in there, or `rel.key` otherwise
-					if ( rel.related !== val ) {
+						var value = this.attributes[ rel.keySource ] || this.attributes[ rel.key ],
-						this.trigger( 'relational:change:' + rel.key, this, val, options || {} );
+							attr = changedAttrs && ( changedAttrs[ rel.keySource ] || changedAttrs[ rel.key ] );
+						// Update a relation if its value differs from this model's attributes, or it's been explicitly nullified.
+						// Which can also happen before the originally intended related model has been found (`val` is null).
+						if ( rel.related !== value || ( value === null && attr === null ) ) {
+							this.trigger( 'relational:change:' + rel.key, this, value, options || {} );
+						}
+					}
+					// Explicitly clear 'keySource', to prevent a leaky abstraction if 'keySource' differs from 'key'.
+					if ( rel.keySource !== rel.key ) {
+						delete this.attributes[ rel.keySource ];
 					}
 				}, this );
 			}
 		},
 			}
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Get a specific relation.
-		 * @param key {string} The relation key to look for.
+		 * @param {string} attr The relation key to look for.
-		 * @return {Backbone.Relation} An instance of 'Backbone.Relation', if a relation was found for 'key', or null.
+		 * @return {Backbone.Relation} An instance of 'Backbone.Relation', if a relation was found for 'attr', or null.
 		 */
-		getRelation: function( key ) {
+		getRelation: function( attr ) {
-			return this._relations[ key ];
+			return this._relations[ attr ];
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Get all of the created relations.
 		 * @return {Backbone.Relation[]}
 		 */
 		getRelations: function() {
 			return _.values( this._relations );
 		},
-		/**
-		 * Retrieve related objects.
+		/**
-		 * @param key {string} The relation key to fetch models for.
+		 * Get a list of ids that will be fetched on a call to `getAsync`.
-		 * @param [options] {Object} Options for 'Backbone.Model.fetch' and 'Backbone.sync'.
+		 * @param {string|Backbone.Relation} attr The relation key to fetch models for.
-		 * @param [refresh=false] {boolean} Fetch existing models from the server as well (in order to update them).
+		 * @param [refresh=false] Add ids for models that are already in the relation, refreshing them?
-		 * @return {jQuery.when[]} An array of request objects
+		 * @return {Array} An array of ids that need to be fetched.
 		 */
-		fetchRelated: function( key, options, refresh ) {
+		getIdsToFetch: function( attr, refresh ) {
-			// Set default `options` for fetch
+			var rel = attr instanceof Backbone.Relation ? attr : this.getRelation( attr ),
-			options = _.extend( { update: true, remove: false }, options );
+				ids = rel ? ( rel.keyIds && rel.keyIds.slice( 0 ) ) || ( ( rel.keyId || rel.keyId === 0 ) ? [ rel.keyId ] : [] ) : [];
-			var setUrl,
-				requests = [],
-				rel = this.getRelation( key ),
-				idsToFetch = rel && ( rel.keyIds || ( ( rel.keyId || rel.keyId === 0 ) ? [ rel.keyId ] : [] ) );
 			// On `refresh`, add the ids for current models in the relation to `idsToFetch`
 			if ( refresh ) {
-				var models = rel.related instanceof Backbone.Collection ? rel.related.models : [ rel.related ];
+				var models = rel.related && ( rel.related.models || [ rel.related ] );
 				_.each( models, function( model ) {
 					if ( model.id || model.id === 0 ) {
-						idsToFetch.push( model.id );
+						ids.push( model.id );
 					}
 				});
 			}
+			return ids;
+		},
+		/**
+		 * Get related objects. Returns a single promise, which can either resolve immediately (if the related model[s])
+		 * are already present locally, or after fetching the contents of the requested attribute.
+		 * @param {string} attr The relation key to fetch models for.
+		 * @param {Object} [options] Options for 'Backbone.Model.fetch' and 'Backbone.sync'.
+		 * @param {Boolean} [options.refresh=false] Fetch existing models from the server as well (in order to update them).
+		 * @return {jQuery.Deferred} A jQuery promise object. When resolved, its `done` callback will be called with
+		 *  contents of `attr`.
+		 */
+		getAsync: function( attr, options ) {
+			// Set default `options` for fetch
+			options = _.extend( { add: true, remove: false, refresh: false }, options );
+			var dit = this,
+				requests = [],
+				rel = this.getRelation( attr ),
+				idsToFetch = rel && this.getIdsToFetch( rel, options.refresh ),
+				coll = rel.related instanceof Backbone.Collection ? rel.related : rel.relatedCollection;
 			if ( idsToFetch && idsToFetch.length ) {
-				// Find (or create) a model for each one that is to be fetched
+				var models = [],
-				var created = [],
+					createdModels = [],
-					models = _.map( idsToFetch, function( id ) {
+					setUrl,
-						var model = Backbone.Relational.store.find( rel.relatedModel, id );
+					createModels = function() {
+						// Find (or create) a model for each one that is to be fetched
-						if ( !model ) {
+						models = _.map( idsToFetch, function( id ) {
-							var attrs = {};
+							var model = rel.relatedModel.findModel( id );
-							attrs[ rel.relatedModel.prototype.idAttribute ] = id;
-							model = rel.relatedModel.findOrCreate( attrs, options );
+							if ( !model ) {
-							created.push( model );
+								var attrs = {};
-						}
+								attrs[ rel.relatedModel.prototype.idAttribute ] = id;
+								model = rel.relatedModel.findOrCreate( attrs, options );
-						return model;
+								createdModels.push( model );
-					}, this );
+							}
+							return model;
+						}, this );
+					};
 				// Try if the 'collection' can provide a url to fetch a set of models in one request.
-				if ( rel.related instanceof Backbone.Collection && _.isFunction( rel.related.url ) ) {
+				// This assumes that when 'Backbone.Collection.url' is a function, it can handle building of set urls.
-					setUrl = rel.related.url( models );
-				}
-				// An assumption is that when 'Backbone.Collection.url' is a function, it can handle building of set urls.
 				// To make sure it can, test if the url we got by supplying a list of models to fetch is different from
 				// the one supplied for the default fetch action (without args to 'url').
-				if ( setUrl && setUrl !== rel.related.url() ) {
+				if ( coll instanceof Backbone.Collection && _.isFunction( coll.url ) ) {
+					var defaultUrl = coll.url();
+					setUrl = coll.url( idsToFetch );
+					if ( setUrl === defaultUrl ) {
+						createModels();
+						setUrl = coll.url( models );
+						if ( setUrl === defaultUrl ) {
+							setUrl = null;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if ( setUrl ) {
+					// Do a single request to fetch all models
 					var opts = _.defaults(
 						{
 							error: function() {
-								var args = arguments;
+								_.each( createdModels, function( model ) {
-								_.each( created, function( model ) {
 									model.trigger( 'destroy', model, model.collection, options );
-									options.error && options.error.apply( model, args );
 								});
+								options.error && options.error.apply( models, arguments );
 							},
 							url: setUrl
 						},
 						options
 					);
-					requests = [ rel.related.fetch( opts ) ];
+					requests = [ coll.fetch( opts ) ];
 				}
 				else {
+					// Make a request per model to fetch
+					if  ( !models.length ) {
+						createModels();
+					}
 					requests = _.map( models, function( model ) {
 						var opts = _.defaults(
 							{
 								error: function() {
-									if ( _.contains( created, model ) ) {
+									if ( _.contains( createdModels, model ) ) {
 										model.trigger( 'destroy', model, model.collection, options );
-										options.error && options.error.apply( model, arguments );
 									}
+									options.error && options.error.apply( models, arguments );
 								}
 							},
 							options
 						);
 						return model.fetch( opts );
 					}, this );
 				}
 			}
-			return requests;
+			return this.deferArray(requests).then(
-		},
+				function() {
+					return Backbone.Model.prototype.get.call( dit, attr );
-		get: function( attr ) {
+				}
-			var originalResult = Backbone.Model.prototype.get.call( this, attr );
+			);
+		},
-			// Use `originalResult` get if dotNotation not enabled or not required because no dot is in `attr`
-			if ( !this.dotNotation || attr.indexOf( '.' ) === -1 ) {
+		deferArray: function(deferArray) {
-				return originalResult;
+			return Backbone.$.when.apply(null, deferArray);
-			}
-			// Go through all splits and return the final result
-			var splits = attr.split( '.' );
-			var result = _.reduce(splits, function( model, split ) {
-				if ( !( model instanceof Backbone.Model ) ) {
-					throw new Error( 'Attribute must be an instanceof Backbone.Model. Is: ' + model + ', currentSplit: ' + split );
-				}
-				return Backbone.Model.prototype.get.call( model, split );
-			}, this );
-			if ( originalResult !== undefined && result !== undefined ) {
-				throw new Error( "Ambiguous result for '" + attr + "'. direct result: " + originalResult + ", dotNotation: " + result );
-			}
-			return originalResult || result;
 		},
 		set: function( key, value, options ) {
 			Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.block();
 			// Duplicate backbone's behavior to allow separate key/value parameters, instead of a single 'attributes' object
-			var attributes;
+			var attributes,
+				result;
 			if ( _.isObject( key ) || key == null ) {
 				attributes = key;
 				options = value;
 			}
 			else {
 					newId = attributes && this.idAttribute in attributes && attributes[ this.idAttribute ];
 				// Check if we're not setting a duplicate id before actually calling `set`.
 				Backbone.Relational.store.checkId( this, newId );
-				var result = Backbone.Model.prototype.set.apply( this, arguments );
+				result = Backbone.Model.prototype.set.apply( this, arguments );
 				// Ideal place to set up relations, if this is the first time we're here for this model
 				if ( !this._isInitialized && !this.isLocked() ) {
 					this.constructor.initializeModelHierarchy();
-					Backbone.Relational.store.register( this );
+					// Only register models that have an id. A model will be registered when/if it gets an id later on.
+					if ( newId || newId === 0 ) {
+						Backbone.Relational.store.register( this );
+					}
 					this.initializeRelations( options );
 				}
 				// The store should know about an `id` update asap
 				else if ( newId && newId !== id ) {
 					Backbone.Relational.store.update( this );
 				}
 				if ( attributes ) {
-					this.updateRelations( options );
+					this.updateRelations( attributes, options );
 				}
 			}
 			finally {
 				// Try to run the global queue holding external events
 				Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.unblock();
 			}
-			return result;
-		},
-		unset: function( attribute, options ) {
-			Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.block();
-			var result = Backbone.Model.prototype.unset.apply( this, arguments );
-			this.updateRelations( options );
-			// Try to run the global queue holding external events
-			Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.unblock();
-			return result;
-		},
-		clear: function( options ) {
-			Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.block();
-			var result = Backbone.Model.prototype.clear.apply( this, arguments );
-			this.updateRelations( options );
-			// Try to run the global queue holding external events
-			Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.unblock();
 			return result;
 		},
 		clone: function() {
 					// Add ids for 'unfound' models if includeInJSON is equal to (only) the relatedModel's `idAttribute`
 					if ( includeInJSON === rel.relatedModel.prototype.idAttribute ) {
 						if ( rel instanceof Backbone.HasMany ) {
 							value = value.concat( rel.keyIds );
 						}
-						else if  ( rel instanceof Backbone.HasOne ) {
+						else if ( rel instanceof Backbone.HasOne ) {
 							value = value || rel.keyId;
+							if ( !value && !_.isObject( rel.keyContents ) ) {
+								value = rel.keyContents || null;
+							}
 						}
 					}
 				}
 				else if ( _.isArray( includeInJSON ) ) {
 					if ( related instanceof Backbone.Collection ) {
 				}
 				else {
 					delete json[ rel.key ];
 				}
+				// In case of `wait: true`, Backbone will simply push whatever's passed into `save` into attributes.
+				// We'll want to get this information into the JSON, even if it doesn't conform to our normal
+				// expectations of what's contained in it (no model/collection for a relation, etc).
+				if ( value === null && options && options.wait ) {
+					value = related;
+				}
 				if ( includeInJSON ) {
 					json[ rel.keyDestination ] = value;
 				}
 				if ( rel.keyDestination !== rel.key ) {
 					delete json[ rel.key ];
 				}
 			});
 			this.release();
 			return json;
 		}
 	},
 	{
 		 *
 		 * @param superModel
 		 * @returns {Backbone.RelationalModel.constructor}
 		 */
 		setup: function( superModel ) {
-			// We don't want to share a relations array with a parent, as this will cause problems with
+			// We don't want to share a relations array with a parent, as this will cause problems with reverse
-			// reverse relations.
+			// relations. Since `relations` may also be a property or function, only use slice if we have an array.
 			this.prototype.relations = ( this.prototype.relations || [] ).slice( 0 );
 			this._subModels = {};
 			this._superModel = null;
 			// Initialize all reverseRelations that belong to this new model.
 			_.each( this.prototype.relations || [], function( rel ) {
 				if ( !rel.model ) {
 					rel.model = this;
 				}
 				if ( rel.reverseRelation && rel.model === this ) {
 					var preInitialize = true;
 					if ( _.isString( rel.relatedModel ) ) {
 						/**
 						 * The related model might not be defined for two reasons
 					else if ( _.isString( rel.relatedModel ) ) {
 						Backbone.Relational.store.addOrphanRelation( rel );
 					}
 				}
 			}, this );
 			return this;
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Create a 'Backbone.Model' instance based on 'attributes'.
 		 * @param {Object} attributes
 		 * @param {Object} [options]
 		 * @return {Backbone.Model}
 		 */
 		build: function( attributes, options ) {
-			var model = this;
 			// 'build' is a possible entrypoint; it's possible no model hierarchy has been determined yet.
 			this.initializeModelHierarchy();
 			// Determine what type of (sub)model should be built if applicable.
-			// Lookup the proper subModelType in 'this._subModels'.
+			var model = this._findSubModelType( this, attributes ) || this;
-			if ( this._subModels && this.prototype.subModelTypeAttribute in attributes ) {
-				var subModelTypeAttribute = attributes[ this.prototype.subModelTypeAttribute ];
+			return new model( attributes, options );
-				var subModelType = this._subModels[ subModelTypeAttribute ];
+		},
+		/**
+		 * Determines what type of (sub)model should be built if applicable.
+		 * Looks up the proper subModelType in 'this._subModels', recursing into
+		 * types until a match is found.  Returns the applicable 'Backbone.Model'
+		 * or null if no match is found.
+		 * @param {Backbone.Model} type
+		 * @param {Object} attributes
+		 * @return {Backbone.Model}
+		 */
+		_findSubModelType: function( type, attributes ) {
+			if ( type._subModels && type.prototype.subModelTypeAttribute in attributes ) {
+				var subModelTypeAttribute = attributes[ type.prototype.subModelTypeAttribute ];
+				var subModelType = type._subModels[ subModelTypeAttribute ];
 				if ( subModelType ) {
-					model = subModelType;
+					return subModelType;
 				}
-			}
+				else {
+					// Recurse into subModelTypes to find a match
-			return new model( attributes, options );
+					for ( subModelTypeAttribute in type._subModels ) {
+						subModelType = this._findSubModelType( type._subModels[ subModelTypeAttribute ], attributes );
+						if ( subModelType ) {
+							return subModelType;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return null;
 		},
 		/**
 		 *
 		 */
 		initializeModelHierarchy: function() {
-			// If we're here for the first time, try to determine if this modelType has a 'superModel'.
+			// Inherit any relations that have been defined in the parent model.
-			if ( _.isUndefined( this._superModel ) || _.isNull( this._superModel ) ) {
+			this.inheritRelations();
-				Backbone.Relational.store.setupSuperModel( this );
+			// If we came here through 'build' for a model that has 'subModelTypes' then try to initialize the ones that
-				// If a superModel has been found, copy relations from the _superModel if they haven't been
+			// haven't been resolved yet.
-				// inherited automatically (due to a redefinition of 'relations').
+			if ( this.prototype.subModelTypes ) {
-				// Otherwise, make sure we don't get here again for this type by making '_superModel' false so we fail
+				var resolvedSubModels = _.keys( this._subModels );
-				// the isUndefined/isNull check next time.
+				var unresolvedSubModels = _.omit( this.prototype.subModelTypes, resolvedSubModels );
-				if ( this._superModel && this._superModel.prototype.relations ) {
+				_.each( unresolvedSubModels, function( subModelTypeName ) {
-					// Find relations that exist on the `_superModel`, but not yet on this model.
+					var subModelType = Backbone.Relational.store.getObjectByName( subModelTypeName );
-					var inheritedRelations = _.select( this._superModel.prototype.relations || [], function( superRel ) {
+					subModelType && subModelType.initializeModelHierarchy();
+				});
+			}
+		},
+		inheritRelations: function() {
+			// Bail out if we've been here before.
+			if ( !_.isUndefined( this._superModel ) && !_.isNull( this._superModel ) ) {
+				return;
+			}
+			// Try to initialize the _superModel.
+			Backbone.Relational.store.setupSuperModel( this );
+			// If a superModel has been found, copy relations from the _superModel if they haven't been inherited automatically
+			// (due to a redefinition of 'relations').
+			if ( this._superModel ) {
+				// The _superModel needs a chance to initialize its own inherited relations before we attempt to inherit relations
+				// from the _superModel. You don't want to call 'initializeModelHierarchy' because that could cause sub-models of
+				// this class to inherit their relations before this class has had chance to inherit it's relations.
+				this._superModel.inheritRelations();
+				if ( this._superModel.prototype.relations ) {
+					// Find relations that exist on the '_superModel', but not yet on this model.
+					var inheritedRelations = _.filter( this._superModel.prototype.relations || [], function( superRel ) {
 						return !_.any( this.prototype.relations || [], function( rel ) {
 							return superRel.relatedModel === rel.relatedModel && superRel.key === rel.key;
 						}, this );
 					}, this );
 					this.prototype.relations = inheritedRelations.concat( this.prototype.relations );
 				}
-				else {
+			}
-					this._superModel = false;
+			// Otherwise, make sure we don't get here again for this type by making '_superModel' false so we fail the
-				}
+			// isUndefined/isNull check next time.
-			}
+			else {
+				this._superModel = false;
-			// If we came here through 'build' for a model that has 'subModelTypes', and not all of them have been resolved yet, try to resolve each.
-			if ( this.prototype.subModelTypes && _.keys( this.prototype.subModelTypes ).length !== _.keys( this._subModels ).length ) {
-				_.each( this.prototype.subModelTypes || [], function( subModelTypeName ) {
-					var subModelType = Backbone.Relational.store.getObjectByName( subModelTypeName );
-					subModelType && subModelType.initializeModelHierarchy();
-				});
 			}
 		},
 		/**
 		 * Find an instance of `this` type in 'Backbone.Relational.store'.
-		 * - If `attributes` is a string or a number, `findOrCreate` will just query the `store` and return a model if found.
+		 * A new model is created if no matching model is found, `attributes` is an object, and `options.create` is true.
-		 * - If `attributes` is an object and is found in the store, the model will be updated with `attributes` unless `options.update` is `false`.
+		 * - If `attributes` is a string or a number, `findOrCreate` will query the `store` and return a model if found.
-		 *   Otherwise, a new model is created with `attributes` (unless `options.create` is explicitly set to `false`).
+		 * - If `attributes` is an object and is found in the store, the model will be updated with `attributes` unless `options.merge` is `false`.
 		 * @param {Object|String|Number} attributes Either a model's id, or the attributes used to create or update a model.
 		 * @param {Object} [options]
 		 * @param {Boolean} [options.create=true]
 		 * @param {Boolean} [options.merge=true]
 		 * @param {Boolean} [options.parse=false]
 		 * @return {Backbone.RelationalModel}
 		 */
 		findOrCreate: function( attributes, options ) {
 			options || ( options = {} );
 			var parsedAttributes = ( _.isObject( attributes ) && options.parse && this.prototype.parse ) ?
-				this.prototype.parse( attributes ) : attributes;
+				this.prototype.parse( _.clone( attributes ), options ) : attributes;
-			// Try to find an instance of 'this' model type in the store
+			// If specified, use a custom `find` function to match up existing models to the given attributes.
-			var model = Backbone.Relational.store.find( this, parsedAttributes );
+			// Otherwise, try to find an instance of 'this' model type in the store
+			var model = this.findModel( parsedAttributes );
 			// If we found an instance, update it with the data in 'item' (unless 'options.merge' is false).
 			// If not, create an instance (unless 'options.create' is false).
 			if ( _.isObject( attributes ) ) {
 				if ( model && options.merge !== false ) {
-					// Make sure `options.collection` doesn't cascade to nested models
+					// Make sure `options.collection` and `options.url` doesn't cascade to nested models
 					delete options.collection;
+					delete options.url;
 					model.set( parsedAttributes, options );
 				}
 				else if ( !model && options.create !== false ) {
-					model = this.build( attributes, options );
+					model = this.build( parsedAttributes, _.defaults( { parse: false }, options ) );
 				}
 			}
 			return model;
+		},
+		/**
+		 * Find an instance of `this` type in 'Backbone.Relational.store'.
+		 * - If `attributes` is a string or a number, `find` will query the `store` and return a model if found.
+		 * - If `attributes` is an object and is found in the store, the model will be updated with `attributes` unless `options.merge` is `false`.
+		 * @param {Object|String|Number} attributes Either a model's id, or the attributes used to create or update a model.
+		 * @param {Object} [options]
+		 * @param {Boolean} [options.merge=true]
+		 * @param {Boolean} [options.parse=false]
+		 * @return {Backbone.RelationalModel}
+		 */
+		find: function( attributes, options ) {
+			options || ( options = {} );
+			options.create = false;
+			return this.findOrCreate( attributes, options );
+		},
+		/**
+		 * A hook to override the matching when updating (or creating) a model.
+		 * The default implementation is to look up the model by id in the store.
+		 * @param {Object} attributes
+		 * @returns {Backbone.RelationalModel}
+		 */
+		findModel: function( attributes ) {
+			return Backbone.Relational.store.find( this, attributes );
 		}
 	});
 	_.extend( Backbone.RelationalModel.prototype, Backbone.Semaphore );
 	/**
 	 * if the collection.model has subModels.
 	 * Attempts to find a model for `attrs` in Backbone.store through `findOrCreate`
 	 * (which sets the new properties on it if found), or instantiates a new model.
 	 */
 	Backbone.Collection.prototype.__prepareModel = Backbone.Collection.prototype._prepareModel;
-	Backbone.Collection.prototype._prepareModel = function ( attrs, options ) {
+	Backbone.Collection.prototype._prepareModel = function( attrs, options ) {
 		var model;
 		if ( attrs instanceof Backbone.Model ) {
 			if ( !attrs.collection ) {
 				attrs.collection = this;
 			}
 			model = attrs;
 		}
 		else {
-			options || ( options = {} );
+			options = options ? _.clone( options ) : {};
 			options.collection = this;
 			if ( typeof this.model.findOrCreate !== 'undefined' ) {
 				model = this.model.findOrCreate( attrs, options );
 			}
 			else {
 				model = new this.model( attrs, options );
 			}
-			if ( model && model.isNew() && !model._validate( attrs, options ) ) {
+			if ( model && model.validationError ) {
 				this.trigger( 'invalid', this, attrs, options );
 				model = false;
 			}
 		}
 		return model;
 	};
 	/**
 	 */
 	var set = Backbone.Collection.prototype.__set = Backbone.Collection.prototype.set;
 	Backbone.Collection.prototype.set = function( models, options ) {
 		// Short-circuit if this Collection doesn't hold RelationalModels
 		if ( !( this.model.prototype instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) ) {
-			return set.apply( this, arguments );
+			return set.call( this, models, options );
 		}
 		if ( options && options.parse ) {
 			models = this.parse( models, options );
 		}
-		if ( !_.isArray( models ) ) {
+		var singular = !_.isArray( models ),
-			models = models ? [ models ] : [];
+			newModels = [],
-		}
+			toAdd = [],
+			model = null;
-		var newModels = [],
-			toAdd = [];
+		models = singular ? ( models ? [ models ] : [] ) : _.clone( models );
 		//console.debug( 'calling add on coll=%o; model=%o, options=%o', this, models, options );
-		_.each( models, function( model ) {
+		for ( var i = 0; i < models.length; i++ ) {
+			model = models[i];
 			if ( !( model instanceof Backbone.Model ) ) {
 				model = Backbone.Collection.prototype._prepareModel.call( this, model, options );
 			}
 			if ( model ) {
 				toAdd.push( model );
 				if ( !( this.get( model ) || this.get( model.cid ) ) ) {
 					newModels.push( model );
 				}
 				// If we arrive in `add` while performing a `set` (after a create, so the model gains an `id`),
 				// we may get here before `_onModelEvent` has had the chance to update `_byId`.
-				else if ( model.id != null ) {
+				else if ( model.id !== null && model.id !== undefined ) {
 					this._byId[ model.id ] = model;
 				}
 			}
-		}, this );
+		}
 		// Add 'models' in a single batch, so the original add will only be called once (and thus 'sort', etc).
 		// If `parse` was specified, the collection and contained models have been parsed now.
-		set.call( this, toAdd, _.defaults( { parse: false }, options ) );
+		toAdd = singular ? ( toAdd.length ? toAdd[ 0 ] : null ) : toAdd;
+		var result = set.call( this, toAdd, _.defaults( { merge: false, parse: false }, options ) );
-		_.each( newModels, function( model ) {
+		for ( i = 0; i < newModels.length; i++ ) {
+			model = newModels[i];
 			// Fire a `relational:add` event for any model in `newModels` that has actually been added to the collection.
 			if ( this.get( model ) || this.get( model.cid ) ) {
 				this.trigger( 'relational:add', model, this, options );
 			}
-		}, this );
+		}
-		return this;
+		return result;
 	};
 	/**
-	 * Override 'Backbone.Collection.remove' to trigger 'relational:remove'.
+	 * Override 'Backbone.Collection._removeModels' to trigger 'relational:remove'.
 	 */
-	var remove = Backbone.Collection.prototype.__remove = Backbone.Collection.prototype.remove;
+	var _removeModels = Backbone.Collection.prototype.___removeModels = Backbone.Collection.prototype._removeModels;
-	Backbone.Collection.prototype.remove = function( models, options ) {
+	Backbone.Collection.prototype._removeModels = function( models, options ) {
 		// Short-circuit if this Collection doesn't hold RelationalModels
 		if ( !( this.model.prototype instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) ) {
-			return remove.apply( this, arguments );
+			return _removeModels.call( this, models, options );
 		}
-		models = _.isArray( models ) ? models.slice() : [ models ];
-		options || ( options = {} );
 		var toRemove = [];
 		//console.debug('calling remove on coll=%o; models=%o, options=%o', this, models, options );
 		_.each( models, function( model ) {
-			model = this.get( model ) || this.get( model.cid );
+			model = this.get( model ) || ( model && this.get( model.cid ) );
 			model && toRemove.push( model );
 		}, this );
-		if ( toRemove.length ) {
+		var result = _removeModels.call( this, toRemove, options );
-			remove.call( this, toRemove, options );
+		_.each( toRemove, function( model ) {
-			_.each( toRemove, function( model ) {
+			this.trigger( 'relational:remove', model, this, options );
-				this.trigger('relational:remove', model, this, options);
+		}, this );
-			}, this );
-		}
+		return result;
-		return this;
 	};
 	/**
 	 * Override 'Backbone.Collection.reset' to trigger 'relational:reset'.
 	 */
 	var reset = Backbone.Collection.prototype.__reset = Backbone.Collection.prototype.reset;
 	Backbone.Collection.prototype.reset = function( models, options ) {
 		options = _.extend( { merge: true }, options );
-		reset.call( this, models, options );
+		var result = reset.call( this, models, options );
 		if ( this.model.prototype instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) {
 			this.trigger( 'relational:reset', this, options );
 		}
-		return this;
+		return result;
 	};
 	/**
 	 * Override 'Backbone.Collection.sort' to trigger 'relational:reset'.
 	 */
 	var sort = Backbone.Collection.prototype.__sort = Backbone.Collection.prototype.sort;
 	Backbone.Collection.prototype.sort = function( options ) {
-		sort.call( this, options );
+		var result = sort.call( this, options );
 		if ( this.model.prototype instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) {
 			this.trigger( 'relational:reset', this, options );
 		}
-		return this;
+		return result;
 	};
 	/**
 	 * Override 'Backbone.Collection.trigger' so 'add', 'remove' and 'reset' events are queued until relations
 	 * are ready.
 		// Short-circuit if this Collection doesn't hold RelationalModels
 		if ( !( this.model.prototype instanceof Backbone.RelationalModel ) ) {
 			return trigger.apply( this, arguments );
 		}
-		if ( eventName === 'add' || eventName === 'remove' || eventName === 'reset' ) {
+		if ( eventName === 'add' || eventName === 'remove' || eventName === 'reset' || eventName === 'sort' ) {
 			var dit = this,
 				args = arguments;
 			if ( _.isObject( args[ 3 ] ) ) {
 				args = _.toArray( args );
 				// the fourth argument is the option object.
 				// we need to clone it, as it could be modified while we wait on the eventQueue to be unblocked
 				args[ 3 ] = _.clone( args[ 3 ] );
 			}
 			Backbone.Relational.eventQueue.add( function() {
 				trigger.apply( dit, args );
 			});
 		}
 		else {
 			trigger.apply( this, arguments );
 		}
 		return this;
 	};
 	// Override .extend() to automatically call .setup()
 	Backbone.RelationalModel.extend = function( protoProps, classProps ) {
-		var child = Backbone.Model.extend.apply( this, arguments );
+		var child = Backbone.Model.extend.call( this, protoProps, classProps );
 		child.setup( this );
 		return child;
 	};
-})();
+}));

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