1 //     Backbone.js 0.9.2

     1 (function(){var t=this;var e=t.Backbone;var i=[];var r=i.push;var s=i.slice;var n=i.splice;var a;if(typeof exports!=="undefined"){a=exports}else{a=t.Backbone={}}a.VERSION="1.0.0";var h=t._;if(!h&&typeof require!=="undefined")h=require("underscore");a.$=t.jQuery||t.Zepto||t.ender||t.$;a.noConflict=function(){t.Backbone=e;return this};a.emulateHTTP=false;a.emulateJSON=false;var o=a.Events={on:function(t,e,i){if(!l(this,"on",t,[e,i])||!e)return this;this._events||(this._events={});var r=this._events[t]||(this._events[t]=[]);r.push({callback:e,context:i,ctx:i||this});return this},once:function(t,e,i){if(!l(this,"once",t,[e,i])||!e)return this;var r=this;var s=h.once(function(){r.off(t,s);e.apply(this,arguments)});s._callback=e;return this.on(t,s,i)},off:function(t,e,i){var r,s,n,a,o,u,c,f;if(!this._events||!l(this,"off",t,[e,i]))return this;if(!t&&!e&&!i){this._events={};return this}a=t?[t]:h.keys(this._events);for(o=0,u=a.length;o<u;o++){t=a[o];if(n=this._events[t]){this._events[t]=r=[];if(e||i){for(c=0,f=n.length;c<f;c++){s=n[c];if(e&&e!==s.callback&&e!==s.callback._callback||i&&i!==s.context){r.push(s)}}}if(!r.length)delete this._events[t]}}return this},trigger:function(t){if(!this._events)return this;var e=s.call(arguments,1);if(!l(this,"trigger",t,e))return this;var i=this._events[t];var r=this._events.all;if(i)c(i,e);if(r)c(r,arguments);return this},stopListening:function(t,e,i){var r=this._listeners;if(!r)return this;var s=!e&&!i;if(typeof e==="object")i=this;if(t)(r={})[t._listenerId]=t;for(var n in r){r[n].off(e,i,this);if(s)delete this._listeners[n]}return this}};var u=/\s+/;var l=function(t,e,i,r){if(!i)return true;if(typeof i==="object"){for(var s in i){t[e].apply(t,[s,i[s]].concat(r))}return false}if(u.test(i)){var n=i.split(u);for(var a=0,h=n.length;a<h;a++){t[e].apply(t,[n[a]].concat(r))}return false}return true};var c=function(t,e){var i,r=-1,s=t.length,n=e[0],a=e[1],h=e[2];switch(e.length){case 0:while(++r<s)(i=t[r]).callback.call(i.ctx);return;case 1:while(++r<s)(i=t[r]).callback.call(i.ctx,n);return;case 2:while(++r<s)(i=t[r]).callback.call(i.ctx,n,a);return;case 3:while(++r<s)(i=t[r]).callback.call(i.ctx,n,a,h);return;default:while(++r<s)(i=t[r]).callback.apply(i.ctx,e)}};var f={listenTo:"on",listenToOnce:"once"};h.each(f,function(t,e){o[e]=function(e,i,r){var s=this._listeners||(this._listeners={});var n=e._listenerId||(e._listenerId=h.uniqueId("l"));s[n]=e;if(typeof i==="object")r=this;e[t](i,r,this);return this}});o.bind=o.on;o.unbind=o.off;h.extend(a,o);var d=a.Model=function(t,e){var i;var r=t||{};e||(e={});this.cid=h.uniqueId("c");this.attributes={};h.extend(this,h.pick(e,p));if(e.parse)r=this.parse(r,e)||{};if(i=h.result(this,"defaults")){r=h.defaults({},r,i)}this.set(r,e);this.changed={};this.initialize.apply(this,arguments)};var p=["url","urlRoot","collection"];h.extend(d.prototype,o,{changed:null,validationError:null,idAttribute:"id",initialize:function(){},toJSON:function(t){return h.clone(this.attributes)},sync:function(){return a.sync.apply(this,arguments)},get:function(t){return this.attributes[t]},escape:function(t){return h.escape(this.get(t))},has:function(t){return this.get(t)!=null},set:function(t,e,i){var r,s,n,a,o,u,l,c;if(t==null)return this;if(typeof t==="object"){s=t;i=e}else{(s={})[t]=e}i||(i={});if(!this._validate(s,i))return false;n=i.unset;o=i.silent;a=[];u=this._changing;this._changing=true;if(!u){this._previousAttributes=h.clone(this.attributes);this.changed={}}c=this.attributes,l=this._previousAttributes;if(this.idAttribute in s)this.id=s[this.idAttribute];for(r in s){e=s[r];if(!h.isEqual(c[r],e))a.push(r);if(!h.isEqual(l[r],e)){this.changed[r]=e}else{delete this.changed[r]}n?delete c[r]:c[r]=e}if(!o){if(a.length)this._pending=true;for(var f=0,d=a.length;f<d;f++){this.trigger("change:"+a[f],this,c[a[f]],i)}}if(u)return this;if(!o){while(this._pending){this._pending=false;this.trigger("change",this,i)}}this._pending=false;this._changing=false;return this},unset:function(t,e){return this.set(t,void 0,h.extend({},e,{unset:true}))},clear:function(t){var e={};for(var i in this.attributes)e[i]=void 0;return this.set(e,h.extend({},t,{unset:true}))},hasChanged:function(t){if(t==null)return!h.isEmpty(this.changed);return h.has(this.changed,t)},changedAttributes:function(t){if(!t)return this.hasChanged()?h.clone(this.changed):false;var e,i=false;var r=this._changing?this._previousAttributes:this.attributes;for(var s in t){if(h.isEqual(r[s],e=t[s]))continue;(i||(i={}))[s]=e}return i},previous:function(t){if(t==null||!this._previousAttributes)return null;return this._previousAttributes[t]},previousAttributes:function(){return h.clone(this._previousAttributes)},fetch:function(t){t=t?h.clone(t):{};if(t.parse===void 0)t.parse=true;var e=this;var i=t.success;t.success=function(r){if(!e.set(e.parse(r,t),t))return false;if(i)i(e,r,t);e.trigger("sync",e,r,t)};R(this,t);return this.sync("read",this,t)},save:function(t,e,i){var r,s,n,a=this.attributes;if(t==null||typeof t==="object"){r=t;i=e}else{(r={})[t]=e}if(r&&(!i||!i.wait)&&!this.set(r,i))return false;i=h.extend({validate:true},i);if(!this._validate(r,i))return false;if(r&&i.wait){this.attributes=h.extend({},a,r)}if(i.parse===void 0)i.parse=true;var o=this;var u=i.success;i.success=function(t){o.attributes=a;var e=o.parse(t,i);if(i.wait)e=h.extend(r||{},e);if(h.isObject(e)&&!o.set(e,i)){return false}if(u)u(o,t,i);o.trigger("sync",o,t,i)};R(this,i);s=this.isNew()?"create":i.patch?"patch":"update";if(s==="patch")i.attrs=r;n=this.sync(s,this,i);if(r&&i.wait)this.attributes=a;return n},destroy:function(t){t=t?h.clone(t):{};var e=this;var i=t.success;var r=function(){e.trigger("destroy",e,e.collection,t)};t.success=function(s){if(t.wait||e.isNew())r();if(i)i(e,s,t);if(!e.isNew())e.trigger("sync",e,s,t)};if(this.isNew()){t.success();return false}R(this,t);var s=this.sync("delete",this,t);if(!t.wait)r();return s},url:function(){var t=h.result(this,"urlRoot")||h.result(this.collection,"url")||U();if(this.isNew())return t;return t+(t.charAt(t.length-1)==="/"?"":"/")+encodeURIComponent(this.id)},parse:function(t,e){return t},clone:function(){return new this.constructor(this.attributes)},isNew:function(){return this.id==null},isValid:function(t){return this._validate({},h.extend(t||{},{validate:true}))},_validate:function(t,e){if(!e.validate||!this.validate)return true;t=h.extend({},this.attributes,t);var i=this.validationError=this.validate(t,e)||null;if(!i)return true;this.trigger("invalid",this,i,h.extend(e||{},{validationError:i}));return false}});var v=["keys","values","pairs","invert","pick","omit"];h.each(v,function(t){d.prototype[t]=function(){var e=s.call(arguments);e.unshift(this.attributes);return h[t].apply(h,e)}});var g=a.Collection=function(t,e){e||(e={});if(e.url)this.url=e.url;if(e.model)this.model=e.model;if(e.comparator!==void 0)this.comparator=e.comparator;this._reset();this.initialize.apply(this,arguments);if(t)this.reset(t,h.extend({silent:true},e))};var m={add:true,remove:true,merge:true};var y={add:true,merge:false,remove:false};h.extend(g.prototype,o,{model:d,initialize:function(){},toJSON:function(t){return this.map(function(e){return e.toJSON(t)})},sync:function(){return a.sync.apply(this,arguments)},add:function(t,e){return this.set(t,h.defaults(e||{},y))},remove:function(t,e){t=h.isArray(t)?t.slice():[t];e||(e={});var i,r,s,n;for(i=0,r=t.length;i<r;i++){n=this.get(t[i]);if(!n)continue;delete this._byId[n.id];delete this._byId[n.cid];s=this.indexOf(n);this.models.splice(s,1);this.length--;if(!e.silent){e.index=s;n.trigger("remove",n,this,e)}this._removeReference(n)}return this},set:function(t,e){e=h.defaults(e||{},m);if(e.parse)t=this.parse(t,e);if(!h.isArray(t))t=t?[t]:[];var i,s,a,o,u,l;var c=e.at;var f=this.comparator&&c==null&&e.sort!==false;var d=h.isString(this.comparator)?this.comparator:null;var p=[],v=[],g={};for(i=0,s=t.length;i<s;i++){if(!(a=this._prepareModel(t[i],e)))continue;if(u=this.get(a)){if(e.remove)g[u.cid]=true;if(e.merge){u.set(a.attributes,e);if(f&&!l&&u.hasChanged(d))l=true}}else if(e.add){p.push(a);a.on("all",this._onModelEvent,this);this._byId[a.cid]=a;if(a.id!=null)this._byId[a.id]=a}}if(e.remove){for(i=0,s=this.length;i<s;++i){if(!g[(a=this.models[i]).cid])v.push(a)}if(v.length)this.remove(v,e)}if(p.length){if(f)l=true;this.length+=p.length;if(c!=null){n.apply(this.models,[c,0].concat(p))}else{r.apply(this.models,p)}}if(l)this.sort({silent:true});if(e.silent)return this;for(i=0,s=p.length;i<s;i++){(a=p[i]).trigger("add",a,this,e)}if(l)this.trigger("sort",this,e);return this},reset:function(t,e){e||(e={});for(var i=0,r=this.models.length;i<r;i++){this._removeReference(this.models[i])}e.previousModels=this.models;this._reset();this.add(t,h.extend({silent:true},e));if(!e.silent)this.trigger("reset",this,e);return this},push:function(t,e){t=this._prepareModel(t,e);this.add(t,h.extend({at:this.length},e));return t},pop:function(t){var e=this.at(this.length-1);this.remove(e,t);return e},unshift:function(t,e){t=this._prepareModel(t,e);this.add(t,h.extend({at:0},e));return t},shift:function(t){var e=this.at(0);this.remove(e,t);return e},slice:function(t,e){return this.models.slice(t,e)},get:function(t){if(t==null)return void 0;return this._byId[t.id!=null?t.id:t.cid||t]},at:function(t){return this.models[t]},where:function(t,e){if(h.isEmpty(t))return e?void 0:[];return this[e?"find":"filter"](function(e){for(var i in t){if(t[i]!==e.get(i))return false}return true})},findWhere:function(t){return this.where(t,true)},sort:function(t){if(!this.comparator)throw new Error("Cannot sort a set without a comparator");t||(t={});if(h.isString(this.comparator)||this.comparator.length===1){this.models=this.sortBy(this.comparator,this)}else{this.models.sort(h.bind(this.comparator,this))}if(!t.silent)this.trigger("sort",this,t);return this},sortedIndex:function(t,e,i){e||(e=this.comparator);var r=h.isFunction(e)?e:function(t){return t.get(e)};return h.sortedIndex(this.models,t,r,i)},pluck:function(t){return h.invoke(this.models,"get",t)},fetch:function(t){t=t?h.clone(t):{};if(t.parse===void 0)t.parse=true;var e=t.success;var i=this;t.success=function(r){var s=t.reset?"reset":"set";i[s](r,t);if(e)e(i,r,t);i.trigger("sync",i,r,t)};R(this,t);return this.sync("read",this,t)},create:function(t,e){e=e?h.clone(e):{};if(!(t=this._prepareModel(t,e)))return false;if(!e.wait)this.add(t,e);var i=this;var r=e.success;e.success=function(s){if(e.wait)i.add(t,e);if(r)r(t,s,e)};t.save(null,e);return t},parse:function(t,e){return t},clone:function(){return new this.constructor(this.models)},_reset:function(){this.length=0;this.models=[];this._byId={}},_prepareModel:function(t,e){if(t instanceof d){if(!t.collection)t.collection=this;return t}e||(e={});e.collection=this;var i=new this.model(t,e);if(!i._validate(t,e)){this.trigger("invalid",this,t,e);return false}return i},_removeReference:function(t){if(this===t.collection)delete t.collection;t.off("all",this._onModelEvent,this)},_onModelEvent:function(t,e,i,r){if((t==="add"||t==="remove")&&i!==this)return;if(t==="destroy")this.remove(e,r);if(e&&t==="change:"+e.idAttribute){delete this._byId[e.previous(e.idAttribute)];if(e.id!=null)this._byId[e.id]=e}this.trigger.apply(this,arguments)}});var _=["forEach","each","map","collect","reduce","foldl","inject","reduceRight","foldr","find","detect","filter","select","reject","every","all","some","any","include","contains","invoke","max","min","toArray","size","first","head","take","initial","rest","tail","drop","last","without","indexOf","shuffle","lastIndexOf","isEmpty","chain"];h.each(_,function(t){g.prototype[t]=function(){var e=s.call(arguments);e.unshift(this.models);return h[t].apply(h,e)}});var w=["groupBy","countBy","sortBy"];h.each(w,function(t){g.prototype[t]=function(e,i){var r=h.isFunction(e)?e:function(t){return t.get(e)};return h[t](this.models,r,i)}});var b=a.View=function(t){this.cid=h.uniqueId("view");this._configure(t||{});this._ensureElement();this.initialize.apply(this,arguments);this.delegateEvents()};var x=/^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;var E=["model","collection","el","id","attributes","className","tagName","events"];h.extend(b.prototype,o,{tagName:"div",$:function(t){return this.$el.find(t)},initialize:function(){},render:function(){return this},remove:function(){this.$el.remove();this.stopListening();return this},setElement:function(t,e){if(this.$el)this.undelegateEvents();this.$el=t instanceof a.$?t:a.$(t);this.el=this.$el[0];if(e!==false)this.delegateEvents();return this},delegateEvents:function(t){if(!(t||(t=h.result(this,"events"))))return this;this.undelegateEvents();for(var e in t){var i=t[e];if(!h.isFunction(i))i=this[t[e]];if(!i)continue;var r=e.match(x);var s=r[1],n=r[2];i=h.bind(i,this);s+=".delegateEvents"+this.cid;if(n===""){this.$el.on(s,i)}else{this.$el.on(s,n,i)}}return this},undelegateEvents:function(){this.$el.off(".delegateEvents"+this.cid);return this},_configure:function(t){if(this.options)t=h.extend({},h.result(this,"options"),t);h.extend(this,h.pick(t,E));this.options=t},_ensureElement:function(){if(!this.el){var t=h.extend({},h.result(this,"attributes"));if(this.id)t.id=h.result(this,"id");if(this.className)t["class"]=h.result(this,"className");var e=a.$("<"+h.result(this,"tagName")+">").attr(t);this.setElement(e,false)}else{this.setElement(h.result(this,"el"),false)}}});a.sync=function(t,e,i){var r=k[t];h.defaults(i||(i={}),{emulateHTTP:a.emulateHTTP,emulateJSON:a.emulateJSON});var s={type:r,dataType:"json"};if(!i.url){s.url=h.result(e,"url")||U()}if(i.data==null&&e&&(t==="create"||t==="update"||t==="patch")){s.contentType="application/json";s.data=JSON.stringify(i.attrs||e.toJSON(i))}if(i.emulateJSON){s.contentType="application/x-www-form-urlencoded";s.data=s.data?{model:s.data}:{}}if(i.emulateHTTP&&(r==="PUT"||r==="DELETE"||r==="PATCH")){s.type="POST";if(i.emulateJSON)s.data._method=r;var n=i.beforeSend;i.beforeSend=function(t){t.setRequestHeader("X-HTTP-Method-Override",r);if(n)return n.apply(this,arguments)}}if(s.type!=="GET"&&!i.emulateJSON){s.processData=false}if(s.type==="PATCH"&&window.ActiveXObject&&!(window.external&&window.external.msActiveXFilteringEnabled)){s.xhr=function(){return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")}}var o=i.xhr=a.ajax(h.extend(s,i));e.trigger("request",e,o,i);return o};var k={create:"POST",update:"PUT",patch:"PATCH","delete":"DELETE",read:"GET"};a.ajax=function(){return a.$.ajax.apply(a.$,arguments)};var S=a.Router=function(t){t||(t={});if(t.routes)this.routes=t.routes;this._bindRoutes();this.initialize.apply(this,arguments)};var $=/\((.*?)\)/g;var T=/(\(\?)?:\w+/g;var H=/\*\w+/g;var A=/[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;h.extend(S.prototype,o,{initialize:function(){},route:function(t,e,i){if(!h.isRegExp(t))t=this._routeToRegExp(t);if(h.isFunction(e)){i=e;e=""}if(!i)i=this[e];var r=this;a.history.route(t,function(s){var n=r._extractParameters(t,s);i&&i.apply(r,n);r.trigger.apply(r,["route:"+e].concat(n));r.trigger("route",e,n);a.history.trigger("route",r,e,n)});return this},navigate:function(t,e){a.history.navigate(t,e);return this},_bindRoutes:function(){if(!this.routes)return;this.routes=h.result(this,"routes");var t,e=h.keys(this.routes);while((t=e.pop())!=null){this.route(t,this.routes[t])}},_routeToRegExp:function(t){t=t.replace(A,"\\$&").replace($,"(?:$1)?").replace(T,function(t,e){return e?t:"([^/]+)"}).replace(H,"(.*?)");return new RegExp("^"+t+"$")},_extractParameters:function(t,e){var i=t.exec(e).slice(1);return h.map(i,function(t){return t?decodeURIComponent(t):null})}});var I=a.History=function(){this.handlers=[];h.bindAll(this,"checkUrl");if(typeof window!=="undefined"){this.location=window.location;this.history=window.history}};var N=/^[#\/]|\s+$/g;var P=/^\/+|\/+$/g;var O=/msie [\w.]+/;var C=/\/$/;I.started=false;h.extend(I.prototype,o,{interval:50,getHash:function(t){var e=(t||this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);return e?e[1]:""},getFragment:function(t,e){if(t==null){if(this._hasPushState||!this._wantsHashChange||e){t=this.location.pathname;var i=this.root.replace(C,"");if(!t.indexOf(i))t=t.substr(i.length)}else{t=this.getHash()}}return t.replace(N,"")},start:function(t){if(I.started)throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");I.started=true;this.options=h.extend({},{root:"/"},this.options,t);this.root=this.options.root;this._wantsHashChange=this.options.hashChange!==false;this._wantsPushState=!!this.options.pushState;this._hasPushState=!!(this.options.pushState&&this.history&&this.history.pushState);var e=this.getFragment();var i=document.documentMode;var r=O.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase())&&(!i||i<=7);this.root=("/"+this.root+"/").replace(P,"/");if(r&&this._wantsHashChange){this.iframe=a.$('<iframe src="javascript:0" tabindex="-1" />').hide().appendTo("body")[0].contentWindow;this.navigate(e)}if(this._hasPushState){a.$(window).on("popstate",this.checkUrl)}else if(this._wantsHashChange&&"onhashchange"in window&&!r){a.$(window).on("hashchange",this.checkUrl)}else if(this._wantsHashChange){this._checkUrlInterval=setInterval(this.checkUrl,this.interval)}this.fragment=e;var s=this.location;var n=s.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/,"$&/")===this.root;if(this._wantsHashChange&&this._wantsPushState&&!this._hasPushState&&!n){this.fragment=this.getFragment(null,true);this.location.replace(this.root+this.location.search+"#"+this.fragment);return true}else if(this._wantsPushState&&this._hasPushState&&n&&s.hash){this.fragment=this.getHash().replace(N,"");this.history.replaceState({},document.title,this.root+this.fragment+s.search)}if(!this.options.silent)return this.loadUrl()},stop:function(){a.$(window).off("popstate",this.checkUrl).off("hashchange",this.checkUrl);clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);I.started=false},route:function(t,e){this.handlers.unshift({route:t,callback:e})},checkUrl:function(t){var e=this.getFragment();if(e===this.fragment&&this.iframe){e=this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe))}if(e===this.fragment)return false;if(this.iframe)this.navigate(e);this.loadUrl()||this.loadUrl(this.getHash())},loadUrl:function(t){var e=this.fragment=this.getFragment(t);var i=h.any(this.handlers,function(t){if(t.route.test(e)){t.callback(e);return true}});return i},navigate:function(t,e){if(!I.started)return false;if(!e||e===true)e={trigger:e};t=this.getFragment(t||"");if(this.fragment===t)return;this.fragment=t;var i=this.root+t;if(this._hasPushState){this.history[e.replace?"replaceState":"pushState"]({},document.title,i)}else if(this._wantsHashChange){this._updateHash(this.location,t,e.replace);if(this.iframe&&t!==this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe))){if(!e.replace)this.iframe.document.open().close();this._updateHash(this.iframe.location,t,e.replace)}}else{return this.location.assign(i)}if(e.trigger)this.loadUrl(t)},_updateHash:function(t,e,i){if(i){var r=t.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/,"");t.replace(r+"#"+e)}else{t.hash="#"+e}}});a.history=new I;var j=function(t,e){var i=this;var r;if(t&&h.has(t,"constructor")){r=t.constructor}else{r=function(){return i.apply(this,arguments)}}h.extend(r,i,e);var s=function(){this.constructor=r};s.prototype=i.prototype;r.prototype=new s;if(t)h.extend(r.prototype,t);r.__super__=i.prototype;return r};d.extend=g.extend=S.extend=b.extend=I.extend=j;var U=function(){throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified')};var R=function(t,e){var i=e.error;e.error=function(r){if(i)i(t,r,e);t.trigger("error",t,r,e)}}}).call(this);

     2 

     2 /*

     3 //     (c) 2010-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.

     3 //@ sourceMappingURL=backbone-min.map

     4 //     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.

     4 */

     5 //     For all details and documentation:

     6 //     http://backbonejs.org

     7 

     8 (function(){

     9 

    10   // Initial Setup

    11   // -------------

    12 

    13   // Save a reference to the global object (`window` in the browser, `global`

    14   // on the server).

    15   var root = this;

    16 

    17   // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be

    18   // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.

    19   var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;

    20 

    21   // Create a local reference to slice/splice.

    22   var slice = Array.prototype.slice;

    23   var splice = Array.prototype.splice;

    24 

    25   // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will

    26   // be attached to this. Exported for both CommonJS and the browser.

    27   var Backbone;

    28   if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {

    29     Backbone = exports;

    30   } else {

    31     Backbone = root.Backbone = {};

    32   }

    33 

    34   // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.

    35   Backbone.VERSION = '0.9.2';

    36 

    37   // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.

    38   var _ = root._;

    39   if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require('underscore');

    40 

    41   // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, or Ender owns the `$` variable.

    42   var $ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender;

    43 

    44   // Set the JavaScript library that will be used for DOM manipulation and

    45   // Ajax calls (a.k.a. the `$` variable). By default Backbone will use: jQuery,

    46   // Zepto, or Ender; but the `setDomLibrary()` method lets you inject an

    47   // alternate JavaScript library (or a mock library for testing your views

    48   // outside of a browser).

    49   Backbone.setDomLibrary = function(lib) {

    50     $ = lib;

    51   };

    52 

    53   // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable

    54   // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.

    55   Backbone.noConflict = function() {

    56     root.Backbone = previousBackbone;

    57     return this;

    58   };

    59 

    60   // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option

    61   // will fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and

    62   // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.

    63   Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;

    64 

    65   // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct

    66   // `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as

    67   // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a

    68   // form param named `model`.

    69   Backbone.emulateJSON = false;

    70 

    71   // Backbone.Events

    72   // -----------------

    73 

    74   // Regular expression used to split event strings

    75   var eventSplitter = /\s+/;

    76 

    77   // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with

    78   // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback functions

    79   // to an event; trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in succession.

    80   //

    81   //     var object = {};

    82   //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);

    83   //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });

    84   //     object.trigger('expand');

    85   //

    86   var Events = Backbone.Events = {

    87 

    88     // Bind one or more space separated events, `events`, to a `callback`

    89     // function. Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to all events fired.

    90     on: function(events, callback, context) {

    91 

    92       var calls, event, node, tail, list;

    93       if (!callback) return this;

    94       events = events.split(eventSplitter);

    95       calls = this._callbacks || (this._callbacks = {});

    96 

    97       // Create an immutable callback list, allowing traversal during

    98       // modification.  The tail is an empty object that will always be used

    99       // as the next node.

   100       while (event = events.shift()) {

   101         list = calls[event];

   102         node = list ? list.tail : {};

   103         node.next = tail = {};

   104         node.context = context;

   105         node.callback = callback;

   106         calls[event] = {tail: tail, next: list ? list.next : node};

   107       }

   108 

   109       return this;

   110     },

   111 

   112     // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all callbacks

   113     // with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all callbacks for the

   114     // event. If `events` is null, removes all bound callbacks for all events.

   115     off: function(events, callback, context) {

   116       var event, calls, node, tail, cb, ctx;

   117 

   118       // No events, or removing *all* events.

   119       if (!(calls = this._callbacks)) return;

   120       if (!(events || callback || context)) {

   121         delete this._callbacks;

   122         return this;

   123       }

   124 

   125       // Loop through the listed events and contexts, splicing them out of the

   126       // linked list of callbacks if appropriate.

   127       events = events ? events.split(eventSplitter) : _.keys(calls);

   128       while (event = events.shift()) {

   129         node = calls[event];

   130         delete calls[event];

   131         if (!node || !(callback || context)) continue;

   132         // Create a new list, omitting the indicated callbacks.

   133         tail = node.tail;

   134         while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {

   135           cb = node.callback;

   136           ctx = node.context;

   137           if ((callback && cb !== callback) || (context && ctx !== context)) {

   138             this.on(event, cb, ctx);

   139           }

   140         }

   141       }

   142 

   143       return this;

   144     },

   145 

   146     // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are

   147     // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name

   148     // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to

   149     // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).

   150     trigger: function(events) {

   151       var event, node, calls, tail, args, all, rest;

   152       if (!(calls = this._callbacks)) return this;

   153       all = calls.all;

   154       events = events.split(eventSplitter);

   155       rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);

   156 

   157       // For each event, walk through the linked list of callbacks twice,

   158       // first to trigger the event, then to trigger any `"all"` callbacks.

   159       while (event = events.shift()) {

   160         if (node = calls[event]) {

   161           tail = node.tail;

   162           while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {

   163             node.callback.apply(node.context || this, rest);

   164           }

   165         }

   166         if (node = all) {

   167           tail = node.tail;

   168           args = [event].concat(rest);

   169           while ((node = node.next) !== tail) {

   170             node.callback.apply(node.context || this, args);

   171           }

   172         }

   173       }

   174 

   175       return this;

   176     }

   177 

   178   };

   179 

   180   // Aliases for backwards compatibility.

   181   Events.bind   = Events.on;

   182   Events.unbind = Events.off;

   183 

   184   // Backbone.Model

   185   // --------------

   186 

   187   // Create a new model, with defined attributes. A client id (`cid`)

   188   // is automatically generated and assigned for you.

   189   var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {

   190     var defaults;

   191     attributes || (attributes = {});

   192     if (options && options.parse) attributes = this.parse(attributes);

   193     if (defaults = getValue(this, 'defaults')) {

   194       attributes = _.extend({}, defaults, attributes);

   195     }

   196     if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;

   197     this.attributes = {};

   198     this._escapedAttributes = {};

   199     this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');

   200     this.changed = {};

   201     this._silent = {};

   202     this._pending = {};

   203     this.set(attributes, {silent: true});

   204     // Reset change tracking.

   205     this.changed = {};

   206     this._silent = {};

   207     this._pending = {};

   208     this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);

   209     this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);

   210   };

   211 

   212   // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.

   213   _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {

   214 

   215     // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.

   216     changed: null,

   217 

   218     // A hash of attributes that have silently changed since the last time

   219     // `change` was called.  Will become pending attributes on the next call.

   220     _silent: null,

   221 

   222     // A hash of attributes that have changed since the last `'change'` event

   223     // began.

   224     _pending: null,

   225 

   226     // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and

   227     // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.

   228     idAttribute: 'id',

   229 

   230     // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own

   231     // initialization logic.

   232     initialize: function(){},

   233 

   234     // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.

   235     toJSON: function(options) {

   236       return _.clone(this.attributes);

   237     },

   238 

   239     // Get the value of an attribute.

   240     get: function(attr) {

   241       return this.attributes[attr];

   242     },

   243 

   244     // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.

   245     escape: function(attr) {

   246       var html;

   247       if (html = this._escapedAttributes[attr]) return html;

   248       var val = this.get(attr);

   249       return this._escapedAttributes[attr] = _.escape(val == null ? '' : '' + val);

   250     },

   251 

   252     // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null

   253     // or undefined.

   254     has: function(attr) {

   255       return this.get(attr) != null;

   256     },

   257 

   258     // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless

   259     // you choose to silence it.

   260     set: function(key, value, options) {

   261       var attrs, attr, val;

   262 

   263       // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.

   264       if (_.isObject(key) || key == null) {

   265         attrs = key;

   266         options = value;

   267       } else {

   268         attrs = {};

   269         attrs[key] = value;

   270       }

   271 

   272       // Extract attributes and options.

   273       options || (options = {});

   274       if (!attrs) return this;

   275       if (attrs instanceof Model) attrs = attrs.attributes;

   276       if (options.unset) for (attr in attrs) attrs[attr] = void 0;

   277 

   278       // Run validation.

   279       if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;

   280 

   281       // Check for changes of `id`.

   282       if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute];

   283 

   284       var changes = options.changes = {};

   285       var now = this.attributes;

   286       var escaped = this._escapedAttributes;

   287       var prev = this._previousAttributes || {};

   288 

   289       // For each `set` attribute...

   290       for (attr in attrs) {

   291         val = attrs[attr];

   292 

   293         // If the new and current value differ, record the change.

   294         if (!_.isEqual(now[attr], val) || (options.unset && _.has(now, attr))) {

   295           delete escaped[attr];

   296           (options.silent ? this._silent : changes)[attr] = true;

   297         }

   298 

   299         // Update or delete the current value.

   300         options.unset ? delete now[attr] : now[attr] = val;

   301 

   302         // If the new and previous value differ, record the change.  If not,

   303         // then remove changes for this attribute.

   304         if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val) || (_.has(now, attr) != _.has(prev, attr))) {

   305           this.changed[attr] = val;

   306           if (!options.silent) this._pending[attr] = true;

   307         } else {

   308           delete this.changed[attr];

   309           delete this._pending[attr];

   310         }

   311       }

   312 

   313       // Fire the `"change"` events.

   314       if (!options.silent) this.change(options);

   315       return this;

   316     },

   317 

   318     // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose

   319     // to silence it. `unset` is a noop if the attribute doesn't exist.

   320     unset: function(attr, options) {

   321       (options || (options = {})).unset = true;

   322       return this.set(attr, null, options);

   323     },

   324 

   325     // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose

   326     // to silence it.

   327     clear: function(options) {

   328       (options || (options = {})).unset = true;

   329       return this.set(_.clone(this.attributes), options);

   330     },

   331 

   332     // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the

   333     // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overriden,

   334     // triggering a `"change"` event.

   335     fetch: function(options) {

   336       options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};

   337       var model = this;

   338       var success = options.success;

   339       options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {

   340         if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, xhr), options)) return false;

   341         if (success) success(model, resp);

   342       };

   343       options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);

   344       return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'read', this, options);

   345     },

   346 

   347     // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.

   348     // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's

   349     // state will be `set` again.

   350     save: function(key, value, options) {

   351       var attrs, current;

   352 

   353       // Handle both `("key", value)` and `({key: value})` -style calls.

   354       if (_.isObject(key) || key == null) {

   355         attrs = key;

   356         options = value;

   357       } else {

   358         attrs = {};

   359         attrs[key] = value;

   360       }

   361       options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};

   362 

   363       // If we're "wait"-ing to set changed attributes, validate early.

   364       if (options.wait) {

   365         if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;

   366         current = _.clone(this.attributes);

   367       }

   368 

   369       // Regular saves `set` attributes before persisting to the server.

   370       var silentOptions = _.extend({}, options, {silent: true});

   371       if (attrs && !this.set(attrs, options.wait ? silentOptions : options)) {

   372         return false;

   373       }

   374 

   375       // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)

   376       // updated with the server-side state.

   377       var model = this;

   378       var success = options.success;

   379       options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {

   380         var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, xhr);

   381         if (options.wait) {

   382           delete options.wait;

   383           serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);

   384         }

   385         if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;

   386         if (success) {

   387           success(model, resp);

   388         } else {

   389           model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);

   390         }

   391       };

   392 

   393       // Finish configuring and sending the Ajax request.

   394       options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);

   395       var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : 'update';

   396       var xhr = (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, method, this, options);

   397       if (options.wait) this.set(current, silentOptions);

   398       return xhr;

   399     },

   400 

   401     // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.

   402     // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.

   403     // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.

   404     destroy: function(options) {

   405       options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};

   406       var model = this;

   407       var success = options.success;

   408 

   409       var triggerDestroy = function() {

   410         model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);

   411       };

   412 

   413       if (this.isNew()) {

   414         triggerDestroy();

   415         return false;

   416       }

   417 

   418       options.success = function(resp) {

   419         if (options.wait) triggerDestroy();

   420         if (success) {

   421           success(model, resp);

   422         } else {

   423           model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);

   424         }

   425       };

   426 

   427       options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, model, options);

   428       var xhr = (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'delete', this, options);

   429       if (!options.wait) triggerDestroy();

   430       return xhr;

   431     },

   432 

   433     // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're

   434     // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint

   435     // that will be called.

   436     url: function() {

   437       var base = getValue(this, 'urlRoot') || getValue(this.collection, 'url') || urlError();

   438       if (this.isNew()) return base;

   439       return base + (base.charAt(base.length - 1) == '/' ? '' : '/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);

   440     },

   441 

   442     // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on

   443     // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.

   444     parse: function(resp, xhr) {

   445       return resp;

   446     },

   447 

   448     // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.

   449     clone: function() {

   450       return new this.constructor(this.attributes);

   451     },

   452 

   453     // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.

   454     isNew: function() {

   455       return this.id == null;

   456     },

   457 

   458     // Call this method to manually fire a `"change"` event for this model and

   459     // a `"change:attribute"` event for each changed attribute.

   460     // Calling this will cause all objects observing the model to update.

   461     change: function(options) {

   462       options || (options = {});

   463       var changing = this._changing;

   464       this._changing = true;

   465 

   466       // Silent changes become pending changes.

   467       for (var attr in this._silent) this._pending[attr] = true;

   468 

   469       // Silent changes are triggered.

   470       var changes = _.extend({}, options.changes, this._silent);

   471       this._silent = {};

   472       for (var attr in changes) {

   473         this.trigger('change:' + attr, this, this.get(attr), options);

   474       }

   475       if (changing) return this;

   476 

   477       // Continue firing `"change"` events while there are pending changes.

   478       while (!_.isEmpty(this._pending)) {

   479         this._pending = {};

   480         this.trigger('change', this, options);

   481         // Pending and silent changes still remain.

   482         for (var attr in this.changed) {

   483           if (this._pending[attr] || this._silent[attr]) continue;

   484           delete this.changed[attr];

   485         }

   486         this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);

   487       }

   488 

   489       this._changing = false;

   490       return this;

   491     },

   492 

   493     // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.

   494     // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.

   495     hasChanged: function(attr) {

   496       if (!arguments.length) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);

   497       return _.has(this.changed, attr);

   498     },

   499 

   500     // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or

   501     // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what

   502     // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be

   503     // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.

   504     // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,

   505     // determining if there *would be* a change.

   506     changedAttributes: function(diff) {

   507       if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;

   508       var val, changed = false, old = this._previousAttributes;

   509       for (var attr in diff) {

   510         if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;

   511         (changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;

   512       }

   513       return changed;

   514     },

   515 

   516     // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last

   517     // `"change"` event was fired.

   518     previous: function(attr) {

   519       if (!arguments.length || !this._previousAttributes) return null;

   520       return this._previousAttributes[attr];

   521     },

   522 

   523     // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous

   524     // `"change"` event.

   525     previousAttributes: function() {

   526       return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);

   527     },

   528 

   529     // Check if the model is currently in a valid state. It's only possible to

   530     // get into an *invalid* state if you're using silent changes.

   531     isValid: function() {

   532       return !this.validate(this.attributes);

   533     },

   534 

   535     // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,

   536     // returning `true` if all is well. If a specific `error` callback has

   537     // been passed, call that instead of firing the general `"error"` event.

   538     _validate: function(attrs, options) {

   539       if (options.silent || !this.validate) return true;

   540       attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);

   541       var error = this.validate(attrs, options);

   542       if (!error) return true;

   543       if (options && options.error) {

   544         options.error(this, error, options);

   545       } else {

   546         this.trigger('error', this, error, options);

   547       }

   548       return false;

   549     }

   550 

   551   });

   552 

   553   // Backbone.Collection

   554   // -------------------

   555 

   556   // Provides a standard collection class for our sets of models, ordered

   557   // or unordered. If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain

   558   // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.

   559   var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {

   560     options || (options = {});

   561     if (options.model) this.model = options.model;

   562     if (options.comparator) this.comparator = options.comparator;

   563     this._reset();

   564     this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);

   565     if (models) this.reset(models, {silent: true, parse: options.parse});

   566   };

   567 

   568   // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.

   569   _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {

   570 

   571     // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.

   572     // This should be overridden in most cases.

   573     model: Model,

   574 

   575     // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own

   576     // initialization logic.

   577     initialize: function(){},

   578 

   579     // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the

   580     // models' attributes.

   581     toJSON: function(options) {

   582       return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(options); });

   583     },

   584 

   585     // Add a model, or list of models to the set. Pass **silent** to avoid

   586     // firing the `add` event for every new model.

   587     add: function(models, options) {

   588       var i, index, length, model, cid, id, cids = {}, ids = {}, dups = [];

   589       options || (options = {});

   590       models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];

   591 

   592       // Begin by turning bare objects into model references, and preventing

   593       // invalid models or duplicate models from being added.

   594       for (i = 0, length = models.length; i < length; i++) {

   595         if (!(model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(models[i], options))) {

   596           throw new Error("Can't add an invalid model to a collection");

   597         }

   598         cid = model.cid;

   599         id = model.id;

   600         if (cids[cid] || this._byCid[cid] || ((id != null) && (ids[id] || this._byId[id]))) {

   601           dups.push(i);

   602           continue;

   603         }

   604         cids[cid] = ids[id] = model;

   605       }

   606 

   607       // Remove duplicates.

   608       i = dups.length;

   609       while (i--) {

   610         models.splice(dups[i], 1);

   611       }

   612 

   613       // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by

   614       // `id` and by `cid`.

   615       for (i = 0, length = models.length; i < length; i++) {

   616         (model = models[i]).on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);

   617         this._byCid[model.cid] = model;

   618         if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;

   619       }

   620 

   621       // Insert models into the collection, re-sorting if needed, and triggering

   622       // `add` events unless silenced.

   623       this.length += length;

   624       index = options.at != null ? options.at : this.models.length;

   625       splice.apply(this.models, [index, 0].concat(models));

   626       if (this.comparator) this.sort({silent: true});

   627       if (options.silent) return this;

   628       for (i = 0, length = this.models.length; i < length; i++) {

   629         if (!cids[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) continue;

   630         options.index = i;

   631         model.trigger('add', model, this, options);

   632       }

   633       return this;

   634     },

   635 

   636     // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set. Pass silent to avoid

   637     // firing the `remove` event for every model removed.

   638     remove: function(models, options) {

   639       var i, l, index, model;

   640       options || (options = {});

   641       models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];

   642       for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {

   643         model = this.getByCid(models[i]) || this.get(models[i]);

   644         if (!model) continue;

   645         delete this._byId[model.id];

   646         delete this._byCid[model.cid];

   647         index = this.indexOf(model);

   648         this.models.splice(index, 1);

   649         this.length--;

   650         if (!options.silent) {

   651           options.index = index;

   652           model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);

   653         }

   654         this._removeReference(model);

   655       }

   656       return this;

   657     },

   658 

   659     // Add a model to the end of the collection.

   660     push: function(model, options) {

   661       model = this._prepareModel(model, options);

   662       this.add(model, options);

   663       return model;

   664     },

   665 

   666     // Remove a model from the end of the collection.

   667     pop: function(options) {

   668       var model = this.at(this.length - 1);

   669       this.remove(model, options);

   670       return model;

   671     },

   672 

   673     // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.

   674     unshift: function(model, options) {

   675       model = this._prepareModel(model, options);

   676       this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));

   677       return model;

   678     },

   679 

   680     // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.

   681     shift: function(options) {

   682       var model = this.at(0);

   683       this.remove(model, options);

   684       return model;

   685     },

   686 

   687     // Get a model from the set by id.

   688     get: function(id) {

   689       if (id == null) return void 0;

   690       return this._byId[id.id != null ? id.id : id];

   691     },

   692 

   693     // Get a model from the set by client id.

   694     getByCid: function(cid) {

   695       return cid && this._byCid[cid.cid || cid];

   696     },

   697 

   698     // Get the model at the given index.

   699     at: function(index) {

   700       return this.models[index];

   701     },

   702 

   703     // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of `filter`.

   704     where: function(attrs) {

   705       if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return [];

   706       return this.filter(function(model) {

   707         for (var key in attrs) {

   708           if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false;

   709         }

   710         return true;

   711       });

   712     },

   713 

   714     // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under

   715     // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item

   716     // is added.

   717     sort: function(options) {

   718       options || (options = {});

   719       if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');

   720       var boundComparator = _.bind(this.comparator, this);

   721       if (this.comparator.length == 1) {

   722         this.models = this.sortBy(boundComparator);

   723       } else {

   724         this.models.sort(boundComparator);

   725       }

   726       if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);

   727       return this;

   728     },

   729 

   730     // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.

   731     pluck: function(attr) {

   732       return _.map(this.models, function(model){ return model.get(attr); });

   733     },

   734 

   735     // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,

   736     // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing

   737     // any `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.

   738     reset: function(models, options) {

   739       models  || (models = []);

   740       options || (options = {});

   741       for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {

   742         this._removeReference(this.models[i]);

   743       }

   744       this._reset();

   745       this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));

   746       if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);

   747       return this;

   748     },

   749 

   750     // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the

   751     // collection when they arrive. If `add: true` is passed, appends the

   752     // models to the collection instead of resetting.

   753     fetch: function(options) {

   754       options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};

   755       if (options.parse === undefined) options.parse = true;

   756       var collection = this;

   757       var success = options.success;

   758       options.success = function(resp, status, xhr) {

   759         collection[options.add ? 'add' : 'reset'](collection.parse(resp, xhr), options);

   760         if (success) success(collection, resp);

   761       };

   762       options.error = Backbone.wrapError(options.error, collection, options);

   763       return (this.sync || Backbone.sync).call(this, 'read', this, options);

   764     },

   765 

   766     // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the

   767     // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we

   768     // wait for the server to agree.

   769     create: function(model, options) {

   770       var coll = this;

   771       options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};

   772       model = this._prepareModel(model, options);

   773       if (!model) return false;

   774       if (!options.wait) coll.add(model, options);

   775       var success = options.success;

   776       options.success = function(nextModel, resp, xhr) {

   777         if (options.wait) coll.add(nextModel, options);

   778         if (success) {

   779           success(nextModel, resp);

   780         } else {

   781           nextModel.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);

   782         }

   783       };

   784       model.save(null, options);

   785       return model;

   786     },

   787 

   788     // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the

   789     // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.

   790     parse: function(resp, xhr) {

   791       return resp;

   792     },

   793 

   794     // Proxy to _'s chain. Can't be proxied the same way the rest of the

   795     // underscore methods are proxied because it relies on the underscore

   796     // constructor.

   797     chain: function () {

   798       return _(this.models).chain();

   799     },

   800 

   801     // Reset all internal state. Called when the collection is reset.

   802     _reset: function(options) {

   803       this.length = 0;

   804       this.models = [];

   805       this._byId  = {};

   806       this._byCid = {};

   807     },

   808 

   809     // Prepare a model or hash of attributes to be added to this collection.

   810     _prepareModel: function(model, options) {

   811       options || (options = {});

   812       if (!(model instanceof Model)) {

   813         var attrs = model;

   814         options.collection = this;

   815         model = new this.model(attrs, options);

   816         if (!model._validate(model.attributes, options)) model = false;

   817       } else if (!model.collection) {

   818         model.collection = this;

   819       }

   820       return model;

   821     },

   822 

   823     // Internal method to remove a model's ties to a collection.

   824     _removeReference: function(model) {

   825       if (this == model.collection) {

   826         delete model.collection;

   827       }

   828       model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);

   829     },

   830 

   831     // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.

   832     // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other

   833     // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate

   834     // in other collections are ignored.

   835     _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {

   836       if ((event == 'add' || event == 'remove') && collection != this) return;

   837       if (event == 'destroy') {

   838         this.remove(model, options);

   839       }

   840       if (model && event === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) {

   841         delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)];

   842         this._byId[model.id] = model;

   843       }

   844       this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);

   845     }

   846 

   847   });

   848 

   849   // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.

   850   var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'reduce', 'reduceRight', 'find',

   851     'detect', 'filter', 'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any',

   852     'include', 'contains', 'invoke', 'max', 'min', 'sortBy', 'sortedIndex',

   853     'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'initial', 'rest', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf',

   854     'shuffle', 'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty', 'groupBy'];

   855 

   856   // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.

   857   _.each(methods, function(method) {

   858     Collection.prototype[method] = function() {

   859       return _[method].apply(_, [this.models].concat(_.toArray(arguments)));

   860     };

   861   });

   862 

   863   // Backbone.Router

   864   // -------------------

   865 

   866   // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are

   867   // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.

   868   var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {

   869     options || (options = {});

   870     if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;

   871     this._bindRoutes();

   872     this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);

   873   };

   874 

   875   // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted

   876   // parts of route strings.

   877   var namedParam    = /:\w+/g;

   878   var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;

   879   var escapeRegExp  = /[-[\]{}()+?.,\\^$|#\s]/g;

   880 

   881   // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.

   882   _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {

   883 

   884     // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own

   885     // initialization logic.

   886     initialize: function(){},

   887 

   888     // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:

   889     //

   890     //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {

   891     //       ...

   892     //     });

   893     //

   894     route: function(route, name, callback) {

   895       Backbone.history || (Backbone.history = new History);

   896       if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);

   897       if (!callback) callback = this[name];

   898       Backbone.history.route(route, _.bind(function(fragment) {

   899         var args = this._extractParameters(route, fragment);

   900         callback && callback.apply(this, args);

   901         this.trigger.apply(this, ['route:' + name].concat(args));

   902         Backbone.history.trigger('route', this, name, args);

   903       }, this));

   904       return this;

   905     },

   906 

   907     // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.

   908     navigate: function(fragment, options) {

   909       Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);

   910     },

   911 

   912     // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the

   913     // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general

   914     // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.

   915     _bindRoutes: function() {

   916       if (!this.routes) return;

   917       var routes = [];

   918       for (var route in this.routes) {

   919         routes.unshift([route, this.routes[route]]);

   920       }

   921       for (var i = 0, l = routes.length; i < l; i++) {

   922         this.route(routes[i][0], routes[i][1], this[routes[i][1]]);

   923       }

   924     },

   925 

   926     // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching

   927     // against the current location hash.

   928     _routeToRegExp: function(route) {

   929       route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')

   930                    .replace(namedParam, '([^\/]+)')

   931                    .replace(splatParam, '(.*?)');

   932       return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');

   933     },

   934 

   935     // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of

   936     // extracted parameters.

   937     _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {

   938       return route.exec(fragment).slice(1);

   939     }

   940 

   941   });

   942 

   943   // Backbone.History

   944   // ----------------

   945 

   946   // Handles cross-browser history management, based on URL fragments. If the

   947   // browser does not support `onhashchange`, falls back to polling.

   948   var History = Backbone.History = function() {

   949     this.handlers = [];

   950     _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');

   951   };

   952 

   953   // Cached regex for cleaning leading hashes and slashes .

   954   var routeStripper = /^[#\/]/;

   955 

   956   // Cached regex for detecting MSIE.

   957   var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/;

   958 

   959   // Has the history handling already been started?

   960   History.started = false;

   961 

   962   // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.

   963   _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {

   964 

   965     // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is

   966     // twenty times a second.

   967     interval: 50,

   968 

   969     // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug

   970     // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.

   971     getHash: function(windowOverride) {

   972       var loc = windowOverride ? windowOverride.location : window.location;

   973       var match = loc.href.match(/#(.*)$/);

   974       return match ? match[1] : '';

   975     },

   976 

   977     // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,

   978     // the hash, or the override.

   979     getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) {

   980       if (fragment == null) {

   981         if (this._hasPushState || forcePushState) {

   982           fragment = window.location.pathname;

   983           var search = window.location.search;

   984           if (search) fragment += search;

   985         } else {

   986           fragment = this.getHash();

   987         }

   988       }

   989       if (!fragment.indexOf(this.options.root)) fragment = fragment.substr(this.options.root.length);

   990       return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');

   991     },

   992 

   993     // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches

   994     // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.

   995     start: function(options) {

   996       if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");

   997       History.started = true;

   998 

   999       // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?

  1000       // Is pushState desired ... is it available?

  1001       this.options          = _.extend({}, {root: '/'}, this.options, options);

  1002       this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;

  1003       this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;

  1004       this._hasPushState    = !!(this.options.pushState && window.history && window.history.pushState);

  1005       var fragment          = this.getFragment();

  1006       var docMode           = document.documentMode;

  1007       var oldIE             = (isExplorer.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()) && (!docMode || docMode <= 7));

  1008 

  1009       if (oldIE) {

  1010         this.iframe = $('<iframe src="javascript:0" tabindex="-1" />').hide().appendTo('body')[0].contentWindow;

  1011         this.navigate(fragment);

  1012       }

  1013 

  1014       // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether

  1015       // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.

  1016       if (this._hasPushState) {

  1017         $(window).bind('popstate', this.checkUrl);

  1018       } else if (this._wantsHashChange && ('onhashchange' in window) && !oldIE) {

  1019         $(window).bind('hashchange', this.checkUrl);

  1020       } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {

  1021         this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);

  1022       }

  1023 

  1024       // Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link

  1025       // opened by a non-pushState browser.

  1026       this.fragment = fragment;

  1027       var loc = window.location;

  1028       var atRoot  = loc.pathname == this.options.root;

  1029 

  1030       // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled browser,

  1031       // but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...

  1032       if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState && !this._hasPushState && !atRoot) {

  1033         this.fragment = this.getFragment(null, true);

  1034         window.location.replace(this.options.root + '#' + this.fragment);

  1035         // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url

  1036         return true;

  1037 

  1038       // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently

  1039       // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...

  1040       } else if (this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState && atRoot && loc.hash) {

  1041         this.fragment = this.getHash().replace(routeStripper, '');

  1042         window.history.replaceState({}, document.title, loc.protocol + '//' + loc.host + this.options.root + this.fragment);

  1043       }

  1044 

  1045       if (!this.options.silent) {

  1046         return this.loadUrl();

  1047       }

  1048     },

  1049 

  1050     // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,

  1051     // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.

  1052     stop: function() {

  1053       $(window).unbind('popstate', this.checkUrl).unbind('hashchange', this.checkUrl);

  1054       clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);

  1055       History.started = false;

  1056     },

  1057 

  1058     // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later

  1059     // may override previous routes.

  1060     route: function(route, callback) {

  1061       this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});

  1062     },

  1063 

  1064     // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,

  1065     // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.

  1066     checkUrl: function(e) {

  1067       var current = this.getFragment();

  1068       if (current == this.fragment && this.iframe) current = this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe));

  1069       if (current == this.fragment) return false;

  1070       if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);

  1071       this.loadUrl() || this.loadUrl(this.getHash());

  1072     },

  1073 

  1074     // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a

  1075     // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,

  1076     // returns `false`.

  1077     loadUrl: function(fragmentOverride) {

  1078       var fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragmentOverride);

  1079       var matched = _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {

  1080         if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {

  1081           handler.callback(fragment);

  1082           return true;

  1083         }

  1084       });

  1085       return matched;

  1086     },

  1087 

  1088     // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the

  1089     // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding

  1090     // the fragment in advance.

  1091     //

  1092     // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the

  1093     // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if

  1094     // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.

  1095     navigate: function(fragment, options) {

  1096       if (!History.started) return false;

  1097       if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: options};

  1098       var frag = (fragment || '').replace(routeStripper, '');

  1099       if (this.fragment == frag) return;

  1100 

  1101       // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.

  1102       if (this._hasPushState) {

  1103         if (frag.indexOf(this.options.root) != 0) frag = this.options.root + frag;

  1104         this.fragment = frag;

  1105         window.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, frag);

  1106 

  1107       // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash

  1108       // fragment to store history.

  1109       } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {

  1110         this.fragment = frag;

  1111         this._updateHash(window.location, frag, options.replace);

  1112         if (this.iframe && (frag != this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe)))) {

  1113           // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a history entry on hash-tag change.

  1114           // When replace is true, we don't want this.

  1115           if(!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();

  1116           this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, frag, options.replace);

  1117         }

  1118 

  1119       // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-

  1120       // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.

  1121       } else {

  1122         window.location.assign(this.options.root + fragment);

  1123       }

  1124       if (options.trigger) this.loadUrl(fragment);

  1125     },

  1126 

  1127     // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding

  1128     // a new one to the browser history.

  1129     _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {

  1130       if (replace) {

  1131         location.replace(location.toString().replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '') + '#' + fragment);

  1132       } else {

  1133         location.hash = fragment;

  1134       }

  1135     }