renkan: comparison server/php/basic/public_html/static/lib/backbone/backbone.js

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server/php/basic/public_html/static/lib/backbone/backbone.js

changeset 498	08d121184a38
parent 442	adb907bba956

equal deleted inserted replaced

-:3ba7920facf4
+:08d121184a38
-//     Backbone.js 1.1.2
+//     Backbone.js 1.2.3
-//     (c) 2010-2014 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+//     (c) 2010-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
 //     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
 //     For all details and documentation:
 //     http://backbonejs.org
-(function(root, factory) {
+(function(factory) {
+// Establish the root object, `window` (`self`) in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+// We use `self` instead of `window` for `WebWorker` support.
+var root = (typeof self == 'object' && self.self == self && self) ||
+(typeof global == 'object' && global.global == global && global);
 // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD.
 if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
 define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) {
 // Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with
 root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $);
 });
 // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module.
 } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
-var _ = require('underscore');
+var _ = require('underscore'), $;
-factory(root, exports, _);
+try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch(e) {}
+factory(root, exports, _, $);
 // Finally, as a browser global.
 } else {
 root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$));
 }
-}(this, function(root, Backbone, _, $) {
+}(function(root, Backbone, _, $) {
 // Initial Setup
 // -------------
 // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
 // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
 var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
-// Create local references to array methods we'll want to use later.
+// Create a local reference to a common array method we'll want to use later.
-var array = [];
+var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
-var push = array.push;
-var slice = array.slice;
-var splice = array.splice;
 // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
-Backbone.VERSION = '1.1.2';
+Backbone.VERSION = '1.2.3';
 // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
 // the `$` variable.
 Backbone.$ = $;
 // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
 // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
 Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
 // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
-// `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as
+// `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as
 // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
 // form param named `model`.
 Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
+// Proxy Backbone class methods to Underscore functions, wrapping the model's
+// `attributes` object or collection's `models` array behind the scenes.
+//
+// collection.filter(function(model) { return model.get('age') > 10 });
+// collection.each(this.addView);
+//
+// `Function#apply` can be slow so we use the method's arg count, if we know it.
+var addMethod = function(length, method, attribute) {
+switch (length) {
+case 1: return function() {
+return _[method](this[attribute]);
+};
+case 2: return function(value) {
+return _[method](this[attribute], value);
+};
+case 3: return function(iteratee, context) {
+return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), context);
+};
+case 4: return function(iteratee, defaultVal, context) {
+return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), defaultVal, context);
+};
+default: return function() {
+var args = slice.call(arguments);
+args.unshift(this[attribute]);
+return _[method].apply(_, args);
+};
+}
+};
+var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, methods, attribute) {
+_.each(methods, function(length, method) {
+if (_[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(length, method, attribute);
+});
+};
+// Support `collection.sortBy('attr')` and `collection.findWhere({id: 1})`.
+var cb = function(iteratee, instance) {
+if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) return iteratee;
+if (_.isObject(iteratee) && !instance._isModel(iteratee)) return modelMatcher(iteratee);
+if (_.isString(iteratee)) return function(model) { return model.get(iteratee); };
+return iteratee;
+};
+var modelMatcher = function(attrs) {
+var matcher = _.matches(attrs);
+return function(model) {
+return matcher(model.attributes);
+};
+};
 // Backbone.Events
 // ---------------
 // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
-// custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback
+// a custom event channel. You may bind a callback to an event with `on` or
-// functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
+// remove with `off`; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
 // succession.
 //
 //     var object = {};
 //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
 //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
 //     object.trigger('expand');
 //
-var Events = Backbone.Events = {
+var Events = Backbone.Events = {};
-// Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
+// Regular expression used to split event strings.
-// the callback to all events fired.
+var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
-on: function(name, callback, context) {
-if (!eventsApi(this, 'on', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;
+// Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple
-this._events || (this._events = {});
+// space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event
-var events = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []);
+// maps `{event: callback}`).
-events.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this});
+var eventsApi = function(iteratee, events, name, callback, opts) {
-return this;
+var i = 0, names;
-},
+if (name && typeof name === 'object') {
+// Handle event maps.
-// Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
+if (callback !== void 0 && 'context' in opts && opts.context === void 0) opts.context = callback;
-// the callback is invoked, it will be removed.
+for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length ; i++) {
-once: function(name, callback, context) {
+events = eventsApi(iteratee, events, names[i], name[names[i]], opts);
-if (!eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;
+}
-var self = this;
+} else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) {
-var once = _.once(function() {
+// Handle space separated event names by delegating them individually.
-self.off(name, once);
+for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) {
+events = iteratee(events, names[i], callback, opts);
+}
+} else {
+// Finally, standard events.
+events = iteratee(events, name, callback, opts);
+}
+return events;
+};
+// Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
+// the callback to all events fired.
+Events.on = function(name, callback, context) {
+return internalOn(this, name, callback, context);
+};
+// Guard the `listening` argument from the public API.
+var internalOn = function(obj, name, callback, context, listening) {
+obj._events = eventsApi(onApi, obj._events || {}, name, callback, {
+context: context,
+ctx: obj,
+listening: listening
+});
+if (listening) {
+var listeners = obj._listeners || (obj._listeners = {});
+listeners[listening.id] = listening;
+}
+return obj;
+};
+// Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
+// an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to
+// for easier unbinding later.
+Events.listenTo =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+if (!obj) return this;
+var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
+var listening = listeningTo[id];
+// This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet.
+// Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks.
+if (!listening) {
+var thisId = this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+listening = listeningTo[id] = {obj: obj, objId: id, id: thisId, listeningTo: listeningTo, count: 0};
+}
+// Bind callbacks on obj, and keep track of them on listening.
+internalOn(obj, name, callback, this, listening);
+return this;
+};
+// The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object.
+var onApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
+if (callback) {
+var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []);
+var context = options.context, ctx = options.ctx, listening = options.listening;
+if (listening) listening.count++;
+handlers.push({ callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx, listening: listening });
+}
+return events;
+};
+// Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
+// callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
+// callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
+// callbacks for all events.
+Events.off =  function(name, callback, context) {
+if (!this._events) return this;
+this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, {
+context: context,
+listeners: this._listeners
+});
+return this;
+};
+// Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
+// to every object it's currently listening to.
+Events.stopListening =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+var listeningTo = this._listeningTo;
+if (!listeningTo) return this;
+var ids = obj ? [obj._listenId] : _.keys(listeningTo);
+for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
+var listening = listeningTo[ids[i]];
+// If listening doesn't exist, this object is not currently
+// listening to obj. Break out early.
+if (!listening) break;
+listening.obj.off(name, callback, this);
+}
+if (_.isEmpty(listeningTo)) this._listeningTo = void 0;
+return this;
+};
+// The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object.
+var offApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
+if (!events) return;
+var i = 0, listening;
+var context = options.context, listeners = options.listeners;
+// Delete all events listeners and "drop" events.
+if (!name && !callback && !context) {
+var ids = _.keys(listeners);
+for (; i < ids.length; i++) {
+listening = listeners[ids[i]];
+delete listeners[listening.id];
+delete listening.listeningTo[listening.objId];
+}
+return;
+}
+var names = name ? [name] : _.keys(events);
+for (; i < names.length; i++) {
+name = names[i];
+var handlers = events[name];
+// Bail out if there are no events stored.
+if (!handlers) break;
+// Replace events if there are any remaining.  Otherwise, clean up.
+var remaining = [];
+for (var j = 0; j < handlers.length; j++) {
+var handler = handlers[j];
+if (
+callback && callback !== handler.callback &&
+callback !== handler.callback._callback ||
+context && context !== handler.context
+) {
+remaining.push(handler);
+} else {
+listening = handler.listening;
+if (listening && --listening.count === 0) {
+delete listeners[listening.id];
+delete listening.listeningTo[listening.objId];
+}
+}
+}
+// Update tail event if the list has any events.  Otherwise, clean up.
+if (remaining.length) {
+events[name] = remaining;
+} else {
+delete events[name];
+}
+}
+if (_.size(events)) return events;
+};
+// Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
+// the callback is invoked, its listener will be removed. If multiple events
+// are passed in using the space-separated syntax, the handler will fire
+// once for each event, not once for a combination of all events.
+Events.once =  function(name, callback, context) {
+// Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, _.bind(this.off, this));
+return this.on(events, void 0, context);
+};
+// Inversion-of-control versions of `once`.
+Events.listenToOnce =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+// Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, _.bind(this.stopListening, this, obj));
+return this.listenTo(obj, events);
+};
+// Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`.
+// `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it has been called.
+var onceMap = function(map, name, callback, offer) {
+if (callback) {
+var once = map[name] = _.once(function() {
+offer(name, once);
 callback.apply(this, arguments);
 });
 once._callback = callback;
-return this.on(name, once, context);
+}
-},
+return map;
+};
-// Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
-// callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
+// Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
-// callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
+// passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
-// callbacks for all events.
+// (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
-off: function(name, callback, context) {
+// receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
-var retain, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k;
+Events.trigger =  function(name) {
-if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, 'off', name, [callback, context])) return this;
+if (!this._events) return this;
-if (!name && !callback && !context) {
-this._events = void 0;
+var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1);
-return this;
+var args = Array(length);
-}
+for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1];
-names = name ? [name] : _.keys(this._events);
-for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
+eventsApi(triggerApi, this._events, name, void 0, args);
-name = names[i];
+return this;
-if (events = this._events[name]) {
+};
-this._events[name] = retain = [];
-if (callback || context) {
+// Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks.
-for (j = 0, k = events.length; j < k; j++) {
+var triggerApi = function(objEvents, name, cb, args) {
-ev = events[j];
+if (objEvents) {
-if ((callback && callback !== ev.callback && callback !== ev.callback._callback) ||
+var events = objEvents[name];
-(context && context !== ev.context)) {
+var allEvents = objEvents.all;
-retain.push(ev);
+if (events && allEvents) allEvents = allEvents.slice();
-}
-}
-}
-if (!retain.length) delete this._events[name];
-}
-}
-return this;
-},
-// Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
-// passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
-// (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
-// receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
-trigger: function(name) {
-if (!this._events) return this;
-var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
-if (!eventsApi(this, 'trigger', name, args)) return this;
-var events = this._events[name];
-var allEvents = this._events.all;
 if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
-if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, arguments);
+if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args));
-return this;
+}
-},
+return objEvents;
-// Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
-// to every object it's currently listening to.
-stopListening: function(obj, name, callback) {
-var listeningTo = this._listeningTo;
-if (!listeningTo) return this;
-var remove = !name && !callback;
-if (!callback && typeof name === 'object') callback = this;
-if (obj) (listeningTo = {})[obj._listenId] = obj;
-for (var id in listeningTo) {
-obj = listeningTo[id];
-obj.off(name, callback, this);
-if (remove || _.isEmpty(obj._events)) delete this._listeningTo[id];
-}
-return this;
-}
-};
-// Regular expression used to split event strings.
-var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
-// Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event
-// names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}`
-// in terms of the existing API.
-var eventsApi = function(obj, action, name, rest) {
-if (!name) return true;
-// Handle event maps.
-if (typeof name === 'object') {
-for (var key in name) {
-obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest));
-}
-return false;
-}
-// Handle space separated event names.
-if (eventSplitter.test(name)) {
-var names = name.split(eventSplitter);
-for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
-obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest));
-}
-return false;
-}
-return true;
 };
 // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
 // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
 // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
 case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
 default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
 }
 };
-var listenMethods = {listenTo: 'on', listenToOnce: 'once'};
-// Inversion-of-control versions of `on` and `once`. Tell *this* object to
-// listen to an event in another object ... keeping track of what it's
-// listening to.
-_.each(listenMethods, function(implementation, method) {
-Events[method] = function(obj, name, callback) {
-var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
-var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
-listeningTo[id] = obj;
-if (!callback && typeof name === 'object') callback = this;
-obj[implementation](name, callback, this);
-return this;
-};
-});
 // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
 Events.bind   = Events.on;
 Events.unbind = Events.off;
 // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
 // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
 // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
 var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
 var attrs = attributes || {};
 options || (options = {});
-this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
+this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix);
 this.attributes = {};
 if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
 if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
 attrs = _.defaults({}, attrs, _.result(this, 'defaults'));
 this.set(attrs, options);
 // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
 // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
 idAttribute: 'id',
+// The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally.
+// You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids.
+cidPrefix: 'c',
 // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
 // initialization logic.
 initialize: function(){},
 // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
 // or undefined.
 has: function(attr) {
 return this.get(attr) != null;
 },
+// Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method.
+matches: function(attrs) {
+return !!_.iteratee(attrs, this)(this.attributes);
+},
 // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
 // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
 // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
 set: function(key, val, options) {
-var attr, attrs, unset, changes, silent, changing, prev, current;
 if (key == null) return this;
 // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+var attrs;
 if (typeof key === 'object') {
 attrs = key;
 options = val;
 } else {
 (attrs = {})[key] = val;
 // Run validation.
 if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
 // Extract attributes and options.
-unset           = options.unset;
+var unset      = options.unset;
-silent          = options.silent;
+var silent     = options.silent;
-changes         = [];
+var changes    = [];
-changing        = this._changing;
+var changing   = this._changing;
-this._changing  = true;
+this._changing = true;
 if (!changing) {
 this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
 this.changed = {};
 }
-current = this.attributes, prev = this._previousAttributes;
+var current = this.attributes;
-// Check for changes of `id`.
+var changed = this.changed;
-if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute];
+var prev    = this._previousAttributes;
 // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
-for (attr in attrs) {
+for (var attr in attrs) {
 val = attrs[attr];
 if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
 if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
-this.changed[attr] = val;
+changed[attr] = val;
 } else {
-delete this.changed[attr];
+delete changed[attr];
 }
 unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
 }
+// Update the `id`.
+this.id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
 // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
 if (!silent) {
 if (changes.length) this._pending = options;
-for (var i = 0, l = changes.length; i < l; i++) {
+for (var i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) {
 this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
 }
 }
 // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
 // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
 // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
 // determining if there *would be* a change.
 changedAttributes: function(diff) {
 if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
-var val, changed = false;
 var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
+var changed = {};
 for (var attr in diff) {
-if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;
+var val = diff[attr];
-(changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;
+if (_.isEqual(old[attr], val)) continue;
-}
+changed[attr] = val;
-return changed;
+}
+return _.size(changed) ? changed : false;
 },
 // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
 // `"change"` event was fired.
 previous: function(attr) {
 // `"change"` event.
 previousAttributes: function() {
 return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
 },
-// Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
+// Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's
-// model differs from its current attributes, they will be overridden,
+// local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event.
-// triggering a `"change"` event.
 fetch: function(options) {
-options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
-if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
 var model = this;
 var success = options.success;
 options.success = function(resp) {
-if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, options), options)) return false;
+var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
-if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
+if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
 model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
 };
 wrapError(this, options);
 return this.sync('read', this, options);
 },
 // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
 // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
 // state will be `set` again.
 save: function(key, val, options) {
-var attrs, method, xhr, attributes = this.attributes;
 // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+var attrs;
 if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
 attrs = key;
 options = val;
 } else {
 (attrs = {})[key] = val;
 }
-options = _.extend({validate: true}, options);
+options = _.extend({validate: true, parse: true}, options);
+var wait = options.wait;
 // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as
 // `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if
 // the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set.
-if (attrs && !options.wait) {
+if (attrs && !wait) {
 if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
 } else {
 if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
 }
-// Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}`.
-if (attrs && options.wait) {
-this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);
-}
 // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
 // updated with the server-side state.
-if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
 var model = this;
 var success = options.success;
+var attributes = this.attributes;
 options.success = function(resp) {
 // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
 model.attributes = attributes;
-var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, options);
+var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
-if (options.wait) serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);
+if (wait) serverAttrs = _.extend({}, attrs, serverAttrs);
-if (_.isObject(serverAttrs) && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) {
+if (serverAttrs && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
-return false;
+if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
-}
-if (success) success(model, resp, options);
 model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
 };
 wrapError(this, options);
-method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
+// Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}` to properly find new ids.
-if (method === 'patch') options.attrs = attrs;
+if (attrs && wait) this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);
-xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
+var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
+if (method === 'patch' && !options.attrs) options.attrs = attrs;
+var xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
 // Restore attributes.
-if (attrs && options.wait) this.attributes = attributes;
+this.attributes = attributes;
 return xhr;
 },
 // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
 // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
 destroy: function(options) {
 options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
 var model = this;
 var success = options.success;
+var wait = options.wait;
 var destroy = function() {
+model.stopListening();
 model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
 };
 options.success = function(resp) {
-if (options.wait || model.isNew()) destroy();
+if (wait) destroy();
-if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
 if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
 };
+var xhr = false;
 if (this.isNew()) {
-options.success();
+_.defer(options.success);
-return false;
+} else {
-}
+wrapError(this, options);
-wrapError(this, options);
+xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
+}
-var xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
+if (!wait) destroy();
-if (!options.wait) destroy();
 return xhr;
 },
 // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
 // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
 var base =
 _.result(this, 'urlRoot') ||
 _.result(this.collection, 'url') ||
 urlError();
 if (this.isNew()) return base;
-return base.replace(/([^\/])$/, '$1/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
+var id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
+return base.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') + encodeURIComponent(id);
 },
 // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
 // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
 parse: function(resp, options) {
 return !this.has(this.idAttribute);
 },
 // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
 isValid: function(options) {
-return this._validate({}, _.extend(options || {}, { validate: true }));
+return this._validate({}, _.defaults({validate: true}, options));
 },
 // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
 // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
 _validate: function(attrs, options) {
 return false;
 }
 });
-// Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model.
+// Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the
-var modelMethods = ['keys', 'values', 'pairs', 'invert', 'pick', 'omit'];
+// number of arguments they take.
+var modelMethods = { keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
+omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1 };
 // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
-_.each(modelMethods, function(method) {
+addUnderscoreMethods(Model, modelMethods, 'attributes');
-Model.prototype[method] = function() {
-var args = slice.call(arguments);
-args.unshift(this.attributes);
-return _[method].apply(_, args);
-};
-});
 // Backbone.Collection
 // -------------------
 // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
-// more analagous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
+// more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
 // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
 // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
 // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
 // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.
 // Default options for `Collection#set`.
 var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
 var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false};
+// Splices `insert` into `array` at index `at`.
+var splice = function(array, insert, at) {
+at = Math.min(Math.max(at, 0), array.length);
+var tail = Array(array.length - at);
+var length = insert.length;
+for (var i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) tail[i] = array[i + at];
+for (i = 0; i < length; i++) array[i + at] = insert[i];
+for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) array[i + length + at] = tail[i];
+};
 // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
 _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
 // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
 // This should be overridden in most cases.
 initialize: function(){},
 // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
 // models' attributes.
 toJSON: function(options) {
-return this.map(function(model){ return model.toJSON(options); });
+return this.map(function(model) { return model.toJSON(options); });
 },
 // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
 sync: function() {
 return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
 },
-// Add a model, or list of models to the set.
+// Add a model, or list of models to the set. `models` may be Backbone
+// Models or raw JavaScript objects to be converted to Models, or any
+// combination of the two.
 add: function(models, options) {
 return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions));
 },
 // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
 remove: function(models, options) {
+options = _.extend({}, options);
 var singular = !_.isArray(models);
 models = singular ? [models] : _.clone(models);
-options || (options = {});
+var removed = this._removeModels(models, options);
-var i, l, index, model;
+if (!options.silent && removed) this.trigger('update', this, options);
-for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
+return singular ? removed[0] : removed;
-model = models[i] = this.get(models[i]);
-if (!model) continue;
-delete this._byId[model.id];
-delete this._byId[model.cid];
-index = this.indexOf(model);
-this.models.splice(index, 1);
-this.length--;
-if (!options.silent) {
-options.index = index;
-model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
-}
-this._removeReference(model, options);
-}
-return singular ? models[0] : models;
 },
 // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
 // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
 // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
 // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
 set: function(models, options) {
+if (models == null) return;
 options = _.defaults({}, options, setOptions);
-if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options);
+if (options.parse && !this._isModel(models)) models = this.parse(models, options);
 var singular = !_.isArray(models);
-models = singular ? (models ? [models] : []) : _.clone(models);
+models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();
-var i, l, id, model, attrs, existing, sort;
 var at = options.at;
-var targetModel = this.model;
+if (at != null) at = +at;
+if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1;
+var set = [];
+var toAdd = [];
+var toRemove = [];
+var modelMap = {};
+var add = options.add;
+var merge = options.merge;
+var remove = options.remove;
+var sort = false;
 var sortable = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort !== false;
 var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
-var toAdd = [], toRemove = [], modelMap = {};
-var add = options.add, merge = options.merge, remove = options.remove;
-var order = !sortable && add && remove ? [] : false;
 // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
 // from being added.
-for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
+var model;
-attrs = models[i] || {};
+for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
-if (attrs instanceof Model) {
+model = models[i];
-id = model = attrs;
-} else {
-id = attrs[targetModel.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
-}
 // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
 // optionally merge it into the existing model.
-if (existing = this.get(id)) {
+var existing = this.get(model);
-if (remove) modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
+if (existing) {
-if (merge) {
+if (merge && model !== existing) {
-attrs = attrs === model ? model.attributes : attrs;
+var attrs = this._isModel(model) ? model.attributes : model;
 if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options);
 existing.set(attrs, options);
-if (sortable && !sort && existing.hasChanged(sortAttr)) sort = true;
+if (sortable && !sort) sort = existing.hasChanged(sortAttr);
+}
+if (!modelMap[existing.cid]) {
+modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
+set.push(existing);
 }
 models[i] = existing;
 // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
 } else if (add) {
-model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(attrs, options);
+model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(model, options);
-if (!model) continue;
+if (model) {
 toAdd.push(model);
 this._addReference(model, options);
-}
+modelMap[model.cid] = true;
+set.push(model);
-// Do not add multiple models with the same `id`.
-model = existing || model;
-if (order && (model.isNew() || !modelMap[model.id])) order.push(model);
-modelMap[model.id] = true;
-}
-// Remove nonexistent models if appropriate.
-if (remove) {
-for (i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; ++i) {
-if (!modelMap[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) toRemove.push(model);
-}
-if (toRemove.length) this.remove(toRemove, options);
-}
-// See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
-if (toAdd.length || (order && order.length)) {
-if (sortable) sort = true;
-this.length += toAdd.length;
-if (at != null) {
-for (i = 0, l = toAdd.length; i < l; i++) {
-this.models.splice(at + i, 0, toAdd[i]);
-}
-} else {
-if (order) this.models.length = 0;
-var orderedModels = order || toAdd;
-for (i = 0, l = orderedModels.length; i < l; i++) {
-this.models.push(orderedModels[i]);
 }
 }
 }
+// Remove stale models.
+if (remove) {
+for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+model = this.models[i];
+if (!modelMap[model.cid]) toRemove.push(model);
+}
+if (toRemove.length) this._removeModels(toRemove, options);
+}
+// See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
+var orderChanged = false;
+var replace = !sortable && add && remove;
+if (set.length && replace) {
+orderChanged = this.length != set.length || _.some(this.models, function(model, index) {
+return model !== set[index];
+});
+this.models.length = 0;
+splice(this.models, set, 0);
+this.length = this.models.length;
+} else if (toAdd.length) {
+if (sortable) sort = true;
+splice(this.models, toAdd, at == null ? this.length : at);
+this.length = this.models.length;
+}
 // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
 if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});
 // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort events.
 if (!options.silent) {
-for (i = 0, l = toAdd.length; i < l; i++) {
+for (i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
-(model = toAdd[i]).trigger('add', model, this, options);
+if (at != null) options.index = at + i;
+model = toAdd[i];
+model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
 }
-if (sort || (order && order.length)) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+if (toAdd.length || toRemove.length) this.trigger('update', this, options);
 }
 // Return the added (or merged) model (or models).
 return singular ? models[0] : models;
 },
 // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
 // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
 // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
 // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
 reset: function(models, options) {
-options || (options = {});
+options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
-for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
+for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) {
 this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
 }
 options.previousModels = this.models;
 this._reset();
 models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
 },
 // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
 pop: function(options) {
 var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
-this.remove(model, options);
+return this.remove(model, options);
-return model;
 },
 // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
 unshift: function(model, options) {
 return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
 },
 // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
 shift: function(options) {
 var model = this.at(0);
-this.remove(model, options);
+return this.remove(model, options);
-return model;
 },
 // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
 slice: function() {
 return slice.apply(this.models, arguments);
 },
 // Get a model from the set by id.
 get: function(obj) {
 if (obj == null) return void 0;
-return this._byId[obj] || this._byId[obj.id] || this._byId[obj.cid];
+var id = this.modelId(this._isModel(obj) ? obj.attributes : obj);
+return this._byId[obj] || this._byId[id] || this._byId[obj.cid];
 },
 // Get the model at the given index.
 at: function(index) {
+if (index < 0) index += this.length;
 return this.models[index];
 },
 // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
 // `filter`.
 where: function(attrs, first) {
-if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return first ? void 0 : [];
+return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](attrs);
-return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](function(model) {
-for (var key in attrs) {
-if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false;
-}
-return true;
-});
 },
 // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
 // of `find`.
 findWhere: function(attrs) {
 // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
 // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
 // is added.
 sort: function(options) {
-if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
+var comparator = this.comparator;
+if (!comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
 options || (options = {});
+var length = comparator.length;
+if (_.isFunction(comparator)) comparator = _.bind(comparator, this);
 // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
-if (_.isString(this.comparator) || this.comparator.length === 1) {
+if (length === 1 || _.isString(comparator)) {
-this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator, this);
+this.models = this.sortBy(comparator);
 } else {
-this.models.sort(_.bind(this.comparator, this));
+this.models.sort(comparator);
 }
 if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
 return this;
 },
 // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
 // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
 // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
 // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
 fetch: function(options) {
-options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
-if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
 var success = options.success;
 var collection = this;
 options.success = function(resp) {
 var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
 collection[method](resp, options);
-if (success) success(collection, resp, options);
+if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options);
 collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
 };
 wrapError(this, options);
 return this.sync('read', this, options);
 },
 // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
 // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
 // wait for the server to agree.
 create: function(model, options) {
 options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
-if (!(model = this._prepareModel(model, options))) return false;
+var wait = options.wait;
-if (!options.wait) this.add(model, options);
+model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+if (!model) return false;
+if (!wait) this.add(model, options);
 var collection = this;
 var success = options.success;
-options.success = function(model, resp) {
+options.success = function(model, resp, callbackOpts) {
-if (options.wait) collection.add(model, options);
+if (wait) collection.add(model, callbackOpts);
-if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+if (success) success.call(callbackOpts.context, model, resp, callbackOpts);
 };
 model.save(null, options);
 return model;
 },
 return resp;
 },
 // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
 clone: function() {
-return new this.constructor(this.models);
+return new this.constructor(this.models, {
+model: this.model,
+comparator: this.comparator
+});
+},
+// Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection.
+modelId: function (attrs) {
+return attrs[this.model.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
 },
 // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
 // is first initialized or reset.
 _reset: function() {
 },
 // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
 // collection.
 _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
-if (attrs instanceof Model) return attrs;
+if (this._isModel(attrs)) {
+if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
+return attrs;
+}
 options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
 options.collection = this;
 var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
 if (!model.validationError) return model;
 this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options);
 return false;
 },
+// Internal method called by both remove and set.
+_removeModels: function(models, options) {
+var removed = [];
+for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+var model = this.get(models[i]);
+if (!model) continue;
+var index = this.indexOf(model);
+this.models.splice(index, 1);
+this.length--;
+if (!options.silent) {
+options.index = index;
+model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
+}
+removed.push(model);
+this._removeReference(model, options);
+}
+return removed.length ? removed : false;
+},
+// Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for
+// the purposes of adding to the collection.
+_isModel: function (model) {
+return model instanceof Model;
+},
 // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
 _addReference: function(model, options) {
 this._byId[model.cid] = model;
-if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
-if (!model.collection) model.collection = this;
+if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
 model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
 },
 // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
 _removeReference: function(model, options) {
+delete this._byId[model.cid];
+var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
 if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
 model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
 },
 // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
 // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
 // in other collections are ignored.
 _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
 if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
 if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
-if (model && event === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) {
+if (event === 'change') {
-delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)];
+var prevId = this.modelId(model.previousAttributes());
-if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+if (prevId !== id) {
+if (prevId != null) delete this._byId[prevId];
+if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+}
 }
 this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
 }
 });
 // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
 // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
 // right here:
-var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'collect', 'reduce', 'foldl',
+var collectionMethods = { forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 4,
-'inject', 'reduceRight', 'foldr', 'find', 'detect', 'filter', 'select',
+foldl: 4, inject: 4, reduceRight: 4, foldr: 4, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
-'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include', 'contains', 'invoke',
+select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3,
-'max', 'min', 'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'head', 'take', 'initial', 'rest',
+contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
-'tail', 'drop', 'last', 'without', 'difference', 'indexOf', 'shuffle',
+head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
-'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty', 'chain', 'sample'];
+without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
+isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3,
+sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3};
 // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
-_.each(methods, function(method) {
+addUnderscoreMethods(Collection, collectionMethods, 'models');
-Collection.prototype[method] = function() {
-var args = slice.call(arguments);
-args.unshift(this.models);
-return _[method].apply(_, args);
-};
-});
-// Underscore methods that take a property name as an argument.
-var attributeMethods = ['groupBy', 'countBy', 'sortBy', 'indexBy'];
-// Use attributes instead of properties.
-_.each(attributeMethods, function(method) {
-Collection.prototype[method] = function(value, context) {
-var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) {
-return model.get(value);
-};
-return _[method](this.models, iterator, context);
-};
-});
 // Backbone.View
 // -------------
 // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
 // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
 // if an existing element is not provided...
 var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
 this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
-options || (options = {});
 _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
 this._ensureElement();
 this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
-this.delegateEvents();
 };
 // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
 var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
-// List of view options to be merged as properties.
+// List of view options to be set as properties.
 var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
 // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
 _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
 },
 // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
 // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
 remove: function() {
-this.$el.remove();
+this._removeElement();
 this.stopListening();
 return this;
 },
-// Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
+// Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
-// re-delegation.
+// attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
-setElement: function(element, delegate) {
+// manipulation API.
-if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents();
+_removeElement: function() {
-this.$el = element instanceof Backbone.$ ? element : Backbone.$(element);
+this.$el.remove();
+},
+// Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
+// view's events on the new element.
+setElement: function(element) {
+this.undelegateEvents();
+this._setElement(element);
+this.delegateEvents();
+return this;
+},
+// Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
+// given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery
+// context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an
+// alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the
+// `this.el` property.
+_setElement: function(el) {
+this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
 this.el = this.$el[0];
-if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
-return this;
 },
 // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
 //
 // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
 //     }
 //
 // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
 // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
 // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
-// This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
-// not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
 delegateEvents: function(events) {
-if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return this;
+events || (events = _.result(this, 'events'));
+if (!events) return this;
 this.undelegateEvents();
 for (var key in events) {
 var method = events[key];
-if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
+if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[method];
 if (!method) continue;
 var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
-var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
+this.delegate(match[1], match[2], _.bind(method, this));
-method = _.bind(method, this);
-eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
-if (selector === '') {
-this.$el.on(eventName, method);
-} else {
-this.$el.on(eventName, selector, method);
-}
 }
 return this;
 },
-// Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
+// Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
+// using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
+// `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+return this;
+},
+// Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
 // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
 // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
 undelegateEvents: function() {
-this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
 return this;
+},
+// A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
+// `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
+undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+return this;
+},
+// Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
+// subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+_createElement: function(tagName) {
+return document.createElement(tagName);
 },
 // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
 // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
 // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
 _ensureElement: function() {
 if (!this.el) {
 var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
 if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
 if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
-var $el = Backbone.$('<' + _.result(this, 'tagName') + '>').attr(attrs);
+this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
-this.setElement($el, false);
+this._setAttributes(attrs);
 } else {
-this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'), false);
+this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
 }
+},
+// Set attributes from a hash on this view's element.  Exposed for
+// subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+_setAttributes: function(attributes) {
+this.$el.attr(attributes);
 }
 });
 // Backbone.sync
 // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
 if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
 params.processData = false;
 }
-// If we're sending a `PATCH` request, and we're in an old Internet Explorer
+// Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery.
-// that still has ActiveX enabled by default, override jQuery to use that
+var error = options.error;
-// for XHR instead. Remove this line when jQuery supports `PATCH` on IE8.
+options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) {
-if (params.type === 'PATCH' && noXhrPatch) {
+options.textStatus = textStatus;
-params.xhr = function() {
+options.errorThrown = errorThrown;
-return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
+if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown);
 };
-}
 // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
 var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
 model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
 return xhr;
 };
-var noXhrPatch =
-typeof window !== 'undefined' && !!window.ActiveXObject &&
-!(window.XMLHttpRequest && (new XMLHttpRequest).dispatchEvent);
 // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
 var methodMap = {
 'create': 'POST',
 'update': 'PUT',
 }
 if (!callback) callback = this[name];
 var router = this;
 Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
 var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
-router.execute(callback, args);
+if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
 router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
 router.trigger('route', name, args);
 Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
+}
 });
 return this;
 },
 // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
 // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
-execute: function(callback, args) {
+execute: function(callback, args, name) {
 if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
 },
 // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
 navigate: function(fragment, options) {
 // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
 // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
 // falls back to polling.
 var History = Backbone.History = function() {
 this.handlers = [];
-_.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
+this.checkUrl = _.bind(this.checkUrl, this);
 // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
 if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
 this.location = window.location;
 this.history = window.history;
 var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
 // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
 var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
-// Cached regex for detecting MSIE.
-var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/;
-// Cached regex for removing a trailing slash.
-var trailingSlash = /\/$/;
 // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
 var pathStripper = /#.*$/;
 // Has the history handling already been started?
 History.started = false;
 // twenty times a second.
 interval: 50,
 // Are we at the app root?
 atRoot: function() {
-return this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') === this.root;
+var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
+return path === this.root && !this.getSearch();
+},
+// Does the pathname match the root?
+matchRoot: function() {
+var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname);
+var root = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/';
+return root === this.root;
+},
+// Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
+// decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
+// of an encoded parameter.
+decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
+return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
+},
+// In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
+// fragment contains `?`.
+getSearch: function() {
+var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/);
+return match ? match[0] : '';
 },
 // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
 // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
 getHash: function(window) {
 var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
 return match ? match[1] : '';
 },
-// Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
+// Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
-// the hash, or the override.
+getPath: function() {
-getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) {
+var path = this.decodeFragment(
+this.location.pathname + this.getSearch()
+).slice(this.root.length - 1);
+return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path;
+},
+// Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
+getFragment: function(fragment) {
 if (fragment == null) {
-if (this._hasPushState || !this._wantsHashChange || forcePushState) {
+if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
-fragment = decodeURI(this.location.pathname + this.location.search);
+fragment = this.getPath();
-var root = this.root.replace(trailingSlash, '');
-if (!fragment.indexOf(root)) fragment = fragment.slice(root.length);
 } else {
 fragment = this.getHash();
 }
 }
 return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
 },
 // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
 // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
 start: function(options) {
-if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
+if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
 History.started = true;
 // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
 // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
 this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
 this.root             = this.options.root;
 this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
+this._hasHashChange   = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7);
+this._useHashChange   = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
 this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
-this._hasPushState    = !!(this.options.pushState && this.history && this.history.pushState);
+this._hasPushState    = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
-var fragment          = this.getFragment();
+this._usePushState    = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
-var docMode           = document.documentMode;
+this.fragment         = this.getFragment();
-var oldIE             = (isExplorer.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()) && (!docMode || docMode <= 7));
 // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
 this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
-if (oldIE && this._wantsHashChange) {
-var frame = Backbone.$('<iframe src="javascript:0" tabindex="-1">');
-this.iframe = frame.hide().appendTo('body')[0].contentWindow;
-this.navigate(fragment);
-}
-// Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
-// 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
-if (this._hasPushState) {
-Backbone.$(window).on('popstate', this.checkUrl);
-} else if (this._wantsHashChange && ('onhashchange' in window) && !oldIE) {
-Backbone.$(window).on('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
-} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
-this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
-}
-// Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link
-// opened by a non-pushState browser.
-this.fragment = fragment;
-var loc = this.location;
 // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
 // requested.
 if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {
 // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
 // browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
 if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
-this.fragment = this.getFragment(null, true);
+var root = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
-this.location.replace(this.root + '#' + this.fragment);
+this.location.replace(root + '#' + this.getPath());
 // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
 return true;
 // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
 // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
-} else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot() && loc.hash) {
+} else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
-this.fragment = this.getHash().replace(routeStripper, '');
+this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
-this.history.replaceState({}, document.title, this.root + this.fragment);
 }
+}
+// Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
+// support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
+// `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
+if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
+this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
+this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
+this.iframe.style.display = 'none';
+this.iframe.tabIndex = -1;
+var body = document.body;
+// Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
+var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
+iWindow.document.open();
+iWindow.document.close();
+iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
+}
+// Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
+return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+};
+// Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
+// 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
+if (this._usePushState) {
+addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+} else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
 }
 if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
 },
 // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
 // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
 stop: function() {
-Backbone.$(window).off('popstate', this.checkUrl).off('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
+// Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
+return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+};
+// Remove window listeners.
+if (this._usePushState) {
+removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+} else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+}
+// Clean up the iframe if necessary.
+if (this.iframe) {
+document.body.removeChild(this.iframe);
+this.iframe = null;
+}
+// Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval.
 if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
 History.started = false;
 },
 // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
 // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
 // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
 checkUrl: function(e) {
 var current = this.getFragment();
+// If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have
+// changed and we should use that for comparison.
 if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
-current = this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe));
+current = this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow);
 }
 if (current === this.fragment) return false;
 if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
 this.loadUrl();
 },
 // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
 // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
 // returns `false`.
 loadUrl: function(fragment) {
+// If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either.
+if (!this.matchRoot()) return false;
 fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
-return _.any(this.handlers, function(handler) {
+return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) {
 if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
 handler.callback(fragment);
 return true;
 }
 });
 // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
 navigate: function(fragment, options) {
 if (!History.started) return false;
 if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
-var url = this.root + (fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || ''));
+// Normalize the fragment.
+fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
-// Strip the hash for matching.
-fragment = fragment.replace(pathStripper, '');
+// Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
+var root = this.root;
+if (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?') {
+root = root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+}
+var url = root + fragment;
+// Strip the hash and decode for matching.
+fragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment.replace(pathStripper, ''));
 if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
 this.fragment = fragment;
-// Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
-if (fragment === '' && url !== '/') url = url.slice(0, -1);
 // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
-if (this._hasPushState) {
+if (this._usePushState) {
 this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
 // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
 // fragment to store history.
 } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
 this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
-if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe)))) {
+if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow))) {
+var iWindow = this.iframe.contentWindow;
 // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
 // history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
 // want this.
-if(!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();
+if (!options.replace) {
-this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, fragment, options.replace);
+iWindow.document.open();
+iWindow.document.close();
+}
+this._updateHash(iWindow.location, fragment, options.replace);
 }
 // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
 // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
 } else {
 Backbone.history = new History;
 // Helpers
 // -------
-// Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain, for subclasses.
+// Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain for subclasses.
 // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
 // class properties to be extended.
 var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
 var parent = this;
 var child;
 // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
 // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
-// by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
+// by us to simply call the parent constructor.
 if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
 child = protoProps.constructor;
 } else {
 child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
 }
 // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
 _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);
 // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
-// `parent`'s constructor function.
+// `parent` constructor function.
 var Surrogate = function(){ this.constructor = child; };
 Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
 child.prototype = new Surrogate;
 // Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
 // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
 var wrapError = function(model, options) {
 var error = options.error;
 options.error = function(resp) {
-if (error) error(model, resp, options);
+if (error) error.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
 model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
 };
 };
 return Backbone;

renkan