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cms/drupal/profiles/drustack/libraries/backbone/backbone.js

changeset 541

e756a8c72c3d

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-:07239de796bb
+:e756a8c72c3d
+//     Backbone.js 1.2.2
+//     (c) 2010-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
+//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://backbonejs.org
+(function(factory) {
+// Establish the root object, `window` (`self`) in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+// We use `self` instead of `window` for `WebWorker` support.
+var root = (typeof self == 'object' && self.self == self && self) ||
+(typeof global == 'object' && global.global == global && global);
+// Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD.
+if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) {
+// Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with
+// others that may still expect a global Backbone.
+root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $);
+});
+// Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module.
+} else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+var _ = require('underscore'), $;
+try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch(e) {}
+factory(root, exports, _, $);
+// Finally, as a browser global.
+} else {
+root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$));
+}
+}(function(root, Backbone, _, $) {
+// Initial Setup
+// -------------
+// Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
+// restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
+var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
+// Create a local reference to a common array method we'll want to use later.
+var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
+// Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
+Backbone.VERSION = '1.2.2';
+// For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
+// the `$` variable.
+Backbone.$ = $;
+// Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
+// to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
+Backbone.noConflict = function() {
+root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
+return this;
+};
+// Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
+// will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
+// set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
+Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
+// Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
+// `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as
+// `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
+// form param named `model`.
+Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
+// Proxy Backbone class methods to Underscore functions, wrapping the model's
+// `attributes` object or collection's `models` array behind the scenes.
+//
+// collection.filter(function(model) { return model.get('age') > 10 });
+// collection.each(this.addView);
+//
+// `Function#apply` can be slow so we use the method's arg count, if we know it.
+var addMethod = function(length, method, attribute) {
+switch (length) {
+case 1: return function() {
+return _[method](this[attribute]);
+};
+case 2: return function(value) {
+return _[method](this[attribute], value);
+};
+case 3: return function(iteratee, context) {
+return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), context);
+};
+case 4: return function(iteratee, defaultVal, context) {
+return _[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), defaultVal, context);
+};
+default: return function() {
+var args = slice.call(arguments);
+args.unshift(this[attribute]);
+return _[method].apply(_, args);
+};
+}
+};
+var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, methods, attribute) {
+_.each(methods, function(length, method) {
+if (_[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(length, method, attribute);
+});
+};
+// Support `collection.sortBy('attr')` and `collection.findWhere({id: 1})`.
+var cb = function(iteratee, instance) {
+if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) return iteratee;
+if (_.isObject(iteratee) && !instance._isModel(iteratee)) return modelMatcher(iteratee);
+if (_.isString(iteratee)) return function(model) { return model.get(iteratee); };
+return iteratee;
+};
+var modelMatcher = function(attrs) {
+var matcher = _.matches(attrs);
+return function(model) {
+return matcher(model.attributes);
+};
+};
+// Backbone.Events
+// ---------------
+// A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
+// a custom event channel. You may bind a callback to an event with `on` or
+// remove with `off`; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
+// succession.
+//
+//     var object = {};
+//     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
+//     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
+//     object.trigger('expand');
+//
+var Events = Backbone.Events = {};
+// Regular expression used to split event strings.
+var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
+// Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple
+// space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event
+// maps `{event: callback}`).
+var eventsApi = function(iteratee, events, name, callback, opts) {
+var i = 0, names;
+if (name && typeof name === 'object') {
+// Handle event maps.
+if (callback !== void 0 && 'context' in opts && opts.context === void 0) opts.context = callback;
+for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length ; i++) {
+events = eventsApi(iteratee, events, names[i], name[names[i]], opts);
+}
+} else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) {
+// Handle space separated event names by delegating them individually.
+for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) {
+events = iteratee(events, names[i], callback, opts);
+}
+} else {
+// Finally, standard events.
+events = iteratee(events, name, callback, opts);
+}
+return events;
+};
+// Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
+// the callback to all events fired.
+Events.on = function(name, callback, context) {
+return internalOn(this, name, callback, context);
+};
+// Guard the `listening` argument from the public API.
+var internalOn = function(obj, name, callback, context, listening) {
+obj._events = eventsApi(onApi, obj._events || {}, name, callback, {
+context: context,
+ctx: obj,
+listening: listening
+});
+if (listening) {
+var listeners = obj._listeners || (obj._listeners = {});
+listeners[listening.id] = listening;
+}
+return obj;
+};
+// Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
+// an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to
+// for easier unbinding later.
+Events.listenTo =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+if (!obj) return this;
+var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
+var listening = listeningTo[id];
+// This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet.
+// Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks.
+if (!listening) {
+var thisId = this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+listening = listeningTo[id] = {obj: obj, objId: id, id: thisId, listeningTo: listeningTo, count: 0};
+}
+// Bind callbacks on obj, and keep track of them on listening.
+internalOn(obj, name, callback, this, listening);
+return this;
+};
+// The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object.
+var onApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
+if (callback) {
+var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []);
+var context = options.context, ctx = options.ctx, listening = options.listening;
+if (listening) listening.count++;
+handlers.push({ callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx, listening: listening });
+}
+return events;
+};
+// Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
+// callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
+// callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
+// callbacks for all events.
+Events.off =  function(name, callback, context) {
+if (!this._events) return this;
+this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, {
+context: context,
+listeners: this._listeners
+});
+return this;
+};
+// Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
+// to every object it's currently listening to.
+Events.stopListening =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+var listeningTo = this._listeningTo;
+if (!listeningTo) return this;
+var ids = obj ? [obj._listenId] : _.keys(listeningTo);
+for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
+var listening = listeningTo[ids[i]];
+// If listening doesn't exist, this object is not currently
+// listening to obj. Break out early.
+if (!listening) break;
+listening.obj.off(name, callback, this);
+}
+if (_.isEmpty(listeningTo)) this._listeningTo = void 0;
+return this;
+};
+// The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object.
+var offApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
+if (!events) return;
+var i = 0, listening;
+var context = options.context, listeners = options.listeners;
+// Delete all events listeners and "drop" events.
+if (!name && !callback && !context) {
+var ids = _.keys(listeners);
+for (; i < ids.length; i++) {
+listening = listeners[ids[i]];
+delete listeners[listening.id];
+delete listening.listeningTo[listening.objId];
+}
+return;
+}
+var names = name ? [name] : _.keys(events);
+for (; i < names.length; i++) {
+name = names[i];
+var handlers = events[name];
+// Bail out if there are no events stored.
+if (!handlers) break;
+// Replace events if there are any remaining.  Otherwise, clean up.
+var remaining = [];
+for (var j = 0; j < handlers.length; j++) {
+var handler = handlers[j];
+if (
+callback && callback !== handler.callback &&
+callback !== handler.callback._callback ||
+context && context !== handler.context
+) {
+remaining.push(handler);
+} else {
+listening = handler.listening;
+if (listening && --listening.count === 0) {
+delete listeners[listening.id];
+delete listening.listeningTo[listening.objId];
+}
+}
+}
+// Update tail event if the list has any events.  Otherwise, clean up.
+if (remaining.length) {
+events[name] = remaining;
+} else {
+delete events[name];
+}
+}
+if (_.size(events)) return events;
+};
+// Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
+// the callback is invoked, its listener will be removed. If multiple events
+// are passed in using the space-separated syntax, the handler will fire
+// once for each event, not once for a combination of all events.
+Events.once =  function(name, callback, context) {
+// Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, _.bind(this.off, this));
+return this.on(events, void 0, context);
+};
+// Inversion-of-control versions of `once`.
+Events.listenToOnce =  function(obj, name, callback) {
+// Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
+var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, _.bind(this.stopListening, this, obj));
+return this.listenTo(obj, events);
+};
+// Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`.
+// `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it has been called.
+var onceMap = function(map, name, callback, offer) {
+if (callback) {
+var once = map[name] = _.once(function() {
+offer(name, once);
+callback.apply(this, arguments);
+});
+once._callback = callback;
+}
+return map;
+};
+// Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
+// passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
+// (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
+// receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
+Events.trigger =  function(name) {
+if (!this._events) return this;
+var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1);
+var args = Array(length);
+for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1];
+eventsApi(triggerApi, this._events, name, void 0, args);
+return this;
+};
+// Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks.
+var triggerApi = function(objEvents, name, cb, args) {
+if (objEvents) {
+var events = objEvents[name];
+var allEvents = objEvents.all;
+if (events && allEvents) allEvents = allEvents.slice();
+if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
+if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args));
+}
+return objEvents;
+};
+// A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
+// triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
+// Backbone events have 3 arguments).
+var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
+var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
+switch (args.length) {
+case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
+case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
+case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
+case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
+default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
+}
+};
+// Aliases for backwards compatibility.
+Events.bind   = Events.on;
+Events.unbind = Events.off;
+// Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
+// want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
+_.extend(Backbone, Events);
+// Backbone.Model
+// --------------
+// Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
+// frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
+// A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
+// performing computations and transformations on that data.
+// Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
+// is automatically generated and assigned for you.
+var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
+var attrs = attributes || {};
+options || (options = {});
+this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix);
+this.attributes = {};
+if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
+if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
+attrs = _.defaults({}, attrs, _.result(this, 'defaults'));
+this.set(attrs, options);
+this.changed = {};
+this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+};
+// Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
+_.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
+// A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
+changed: null,
+// The value returned during the last failed validation.
+validationError: null,
+// The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
+// CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
+idAttribute: 'id',
+// The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally.
+// You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids.
+cidPrefix: 'c',
+// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+// initialization logic.
+initialize: function(){},
+// Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
+toJSON: function(options) {
+return _.clone(this.attributes);
+},
+// Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
+// custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
+sync: function() {
+return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+},
+// Get the value of an attribute.
+get: function(attr) {
+return this.attributes[attr];
+},
+// Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
+escape: function(attr) {
+return _.escape(this.get(attr));
+},
+// Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
+// or undefined.
+has: function(attr) {
+return this.get(attr) != null;
+},
+// Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method.
+matches: function(attrs) {
+return !!_.iteratee(attrs, this)(this.attributes);
+},
+// Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
+// the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
+// anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
+set: function(key, val, options) {
+if (key == null) return this;
+// Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+var attrs;
+if (typeof key === 'object') {
+attrs = key;
+options = val;
+} else {
+(attrs = {})[key] = val;
+}
+options || (options = {});
+// Run validation.
+if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+// Extract attributes and options.
+var unset      = options.unset;
+var silent     = options.silent;
+var changes    = [];
+var changing   = this._changing;
+this._changing = true;
+if (!changing) {
+this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
+this.changed = {};
+}
+var current = this.attributes;
+var changed = this.changed;
+var prev    = this._previousAttributes;
+// For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
+for (var attr in attrs) {
+val = attrs[attr];
+if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
+if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
+changed[attr] = val;
+} else {
+delete changed[attr];
+}
+unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
+}
+// Update the `id`.
+this.id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
+// Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
+if (!silent) {
+if (changes.length) this._pending = options;
+for (var i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) {
+this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
+}
+}
+// You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
+// be recursively nested within `"change"` events.
+if (changing) return this;
+if (!silent) {
+while (this._pending) {
+options = this._pending;
+this._pending = false;
+this.trigger('change', this, options);
+}
+}
+this._pending = false;
+this._changing = false;
+return this;
+},
+// Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
+// if the attribute doesn't exist.
+unset: function(attr, options) {
+return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+},
+// Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
+clear: function(options) {
+var attrs = {};
+for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
+return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
+},
+// Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
+// If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
+hasChanged: function(attr) {
+if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
+return _.has(this.changed, attr);
+},
+// Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
+// false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
+// parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
+// persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
+// You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
+// determining if there *would be* a change.
+changedAttributes: function(diff) {
+if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
+var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
+var changed = {};
+for (var attr in diff) {
+var val = diff[attr];
+if (_.isEqual(old[attr], val)) continue;
+changed[attr] = val;
+}
+return _.size(changed) ? changed : false;
+},
+// Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
+// `"change"` event was fired.
+previous: function(attr) {
+if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
+return this._previousAttributes[attr];
+},
+// Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
+// `"change"` event.
+previousAttributes: function() {
+return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
+},
+// Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's
+// local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event.
+fetch: function(options) {
+options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
+var model = this;
+var success = options.success;
+options.success = function(resp) {
+var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
+if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
+if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+};
+wrapError(this, options);
+return this.sync('read', this, options);
+},
+// Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
+// If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
+// state will be `set` again.
+save: function(key, val, options) {
+// Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
+var attrs;
+if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
+attrs = key;
+options = val;
+} else {
+(attrs = {})[key] = val;
+}
+options = _.extend({validate: true, parse: true}, options);
+var wait = options.wait;
+// If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as
+// `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if
+// the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set.
+if (attrs && !wait) {
+if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
+} else {
+if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+}
+// After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
+// updated with the server-side state.
+var model = this;
+var success = options.success;
+var attributes = this.attributes;
+options.success = function(resp) {
+// Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
+model.attributes = attributes;
+var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
+if (wait) serverAttrs = _.extend({}, attrs, serverAttrs);
+if (serverAttrs && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
+if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+};
+wrapError(this, options);
+// Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}` to properly find new ids.
+if (attrs && wait) this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);
+var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
+if (method === 'patch' && !options.attrs) options.attrs = attrs;
+var xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
+// Restore attributes.
+this.attributes = attributes;
+return xhr;
+},
+// Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
+// Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
+// If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
+destroy: function(options) {
+options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+var model = this;
+var success = options.success;
+var wait = options.wait;
+var destroy = function() {
+model.stopListening();
+model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
+};
+options.success = function(resp) {
+if (wait) destroy();
+if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
+};
+var xhr = false;
+if (this.isNew()) {
+_.defer(options.success);
+} else {
+wrapError(this, options);
+xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
+}
+if (!wait) destroy();
+return xhr;
+},
+// Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
+// using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
+// that will be called.
+url: function() {
+var base =
+_.result(this, 'urlRoot') ||
+_.result(this.collection, 'url') ||
+urlError();
+if (this.isNew()) return base;
+var id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
+return base.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') + encodeURIComponent(id);
+},
+// **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
+// the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
+parse: function(resp, options) {
+return resp;
+},
+// Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
+clone: function() {
+return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
+},
+// A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
+isNew: function() {
+return !this.has(this.idAttribute);
+},
+// Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
+isValid: function(options) {
+return this._validate({}, _.defaults({validate: true}, options));
+},
+// Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
+// returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
+_validate: function(attrs, options) {
+if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
+attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
+var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
+if (!error) return true;
+this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options, {validationError: error}));
+return false;
+}
+});
+// Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the
+// number of arguments they take.
+var modelMethods = { keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
+omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1 };
+// Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
+addUnderscoreMethods(Model, modelMethods, 'attributes');
+// Backbone.Collection
+// -------------------
+// If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
+// more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
+// table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
+// -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
+// belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
+// indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.
+// Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
+// If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
+// its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
+var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
+options || (options = {});
+if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
+if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
+this._reset();
+this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+};
+// Default options for `Collection#set`.
+var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
+var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false};
+// Splices `insert` into `array` at index `at`.
+var splice = function(array, insert, at) {
+var tail = Array(array.length - at);
+var length = insert.length;
+for (var i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) tail[i] = array[i + at];
+for (i = 0; i < length; i++) array[i + at] = insert[i];
+for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) array[i + length + at] = tail[i];
+};
+// Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
+_.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
+// The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
+// This should be overridden in most cases.
+model: Model,
+// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+// initialization logic.
+initialize: function(){},
+// The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
+// models' attributes.
+toJSON: function(options) {
+return this.map(function(model) { return model.toJSON(options); });
+},
+// Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
+sync: function() {
+return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
+},
+// Add a model, or list of models to the set. `models` may be Backbone
+// Models or raw JavaScript objects to be converted to Models, or any
+// combination of the two.
+add: function(models, options) {
+return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions));
+},
+// Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
+remove: function(models, options) {
+options = _.extend({}, options);
+var singular = !_.isArray(models);
+models = singular ? [models] : _.clone(models);
+var removed = this._removeModels(models, options);
+if (!options.silent && removed) this.trigger('update', this, options);
+return singular ? removed[0] : removed;
+},
+// Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
+// removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
+// already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
+// the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
+set: function(models, options) {
+if (models == null) return;
+options = _.defaults({}, options, setOptions);
+if (options.parse && !this._isModel(models)) models = this.parse(models, options);
+var singular = !_.isArray(models);
+models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();
+var at = options.at;
+if (at != null) at = +at;
+if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1;
+var set = [];
+var toAdd = [];
+var toRemove = [];
+var modelMap = {};
+var add = options.add;
+var merge = options.merge;
+var remove = options.remove;
+var sort = false;
+var sortable = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort !== false;
+var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
+// Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
+// from being added.
+var model;
+for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+model = models[i];
+// If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
+// optionally merge it into the existing model.
+var existing = this.get(model);
+if (existing) {
+if (merge && model !== existing) {
+var attrs = this._isModel(model) ? model.attributes : model;
+if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options);
+existing.set(attrs, options);
+if (sortable && !sort) sort = existing.hasChanged(sortAttr);
+}
+if (!modelMap[existing.cid]) {
+modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
+set.push(existing);
+}
+models[i] = existing;
+// If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
+} else if (add) {
+model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+if (model) {
+toAdd.push(model);
+this._addReference(model, options);
+modelMap[model.cid] = true;
+set.push(model);
+}
+}
+}
+// Remove stale models.
+if (remove) {
+for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
+model = this.models[i];
+if (!modelMap[model.cid]) toRemove.push(model);
+}
+if (toRemove.length) this._removeModels(toRemove, options);
+}
+// See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
+var orderChanged = false;
+var replace = !sortable && add && remove;
+if (set.length && replace) {
+orderChanged = this.length != set.length || _.some(this.models, function(model, index) {
+return model !== set[index];
+});
+this.models.length = 0;
+splice(this.models, set, 0);
+this.length = this.models.length;
+} else if (toAdd.length) {
+if (sortable) sort = true;
+splice(this.models, toAdd, at == null ? this.length : at);
+this.length = this.models.length;
+}
+// Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
+if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});
+// Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort events.
+if (!options.silent) {
+for (i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
+if (at != null) options.index = at + i;
+model = toAdd[i];
+model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
+}
+if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+if (toAdd.length || toRemove.length) this.trigger('update', this, options);
+}
+// Return the added (or merged) model (or models).
+return singular ? models[0] : models;
+},
+// When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
+// you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
+// any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
+// Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
+reset: function(models, options) {
+options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) {
+this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
+}
+options.previousModels = this.models;
+this._reset();
+models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
+return models;
+},
+// Add a model to the end of the collection.
+push: function(model, options) {
+return this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options));
+},
+// Remove a model from the end of the collection.
+pop: function(options) {
+var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
+return this.remove(model, options);
+},
+// Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
+unshift: function(model, options) {
+return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
+},
+// Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
+shift: function(options) {
+var model = this.at(0);
+return this.remove(model, options);
+},
+// Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
+slice: function() {
+return slice.apply(this.models, arguments);
+},
+// Get a model from the set by id.
+get: function(obj) {
+if (obj == null) return void 0;
+var id = this.modelId(this._isModel(obj) ? obj.attributes : obj);
+return this._byId[obj] || this._byId[id] || this._byId[obj.cid];
+},
+// Get the model at the given index.
+at: function(index) {
+if (index < 0) index += this.length;
+return this.models[index];
+},
+// Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
+// `filter`.
+where: function(attrs, first) {
+return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](attrs);
+},
+// Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
+// of `find`.
+findWhere: function(attrs) {
+return this.where(attrs, true);
+},
+// Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
+// normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
+// is added.
+sort: function(options) {
+var comparator = this.comparator;
+if (!comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
+options || (options = {});
+var length = comparator.length;
+if (_.isFunction(comparator)) comparator = _.bind(comparator, this);
+// Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
+if (length === 1 || _.isString(comparator)) {
+this.models = this.sortBy(comparator);
+} else {
+this.models.sort(comparator);
+}
+if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
+return this;
+},
+// Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
+pluck: function(attr) {
+return _.invoke(this.models, 'get', attr);
+},
+// Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
+// collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
+// data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
+fetch: function(options) {
+options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
+var success = options.success;
+var collection = this;
+options.success = function(resp) {
+var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
+collection[method](resp, options);
+if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options);
+collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
+};
+wrapError(this, options);
+return this.sync('read', this, options);
+},
+// Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
+// collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
+// wait for the server to agree.
+create: function(model, options) {
+options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+var wait = options.wait;
+model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
+if (!model) return false;
+if (!wait) this.add(model, options);
+var collection = this;
+var success = options.success;
+options.success = function(model, resp, callbackOpts) {
+if (wait) collection.add(model, callbackOpts);
+if (success) success.call(callbackOpts.context, model, resp, callbackOpts);
+};
+model.save(null, options);
+return model;
+},
+// **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
+// collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
+parse: function(resp, options) {
+return resp;
+},
+// Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
+clone: function() {
+return new this.constructor(this.models, {
+model: this.model,
+comparator: this.comparator
+});
+},
+// Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection.
+modelId: function (attrs) {
+return attrs[this.model.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
+},
+// Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
+// is first initialized or reset.
+_reset: function() {
+this.length = 0;
+this.models = [];
+this._byId  = {};
+},
+// Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
+// collection.
+_prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
+if (this._isModel(attrs)) {
+if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
+return attrs;
+}
+options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
+options.collection = this;
+var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
+if (!model.validationError) return model;
+this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options);
+return false;
+},
+// Internal method called by both remove and set.
+_removeModels: function(models, options) {
+var removed = [];
+for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
+var model = this.get(models[i]);
+if (!model) continue;
+var index = this.indexOf(model);
+this.models.splice(index, 1);
+this.length--;
+if (!options.silent) {
+options.index = index;
+model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
+}
+removed.push(model);
+this._removeReference(model, options);
+}
+return removed.length ? removed : false;
+},
+// Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for
+// the purposes of adding to the collection.
+_isModel: function (model) {
+return model instanceof Model;
+},
+// Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
+_addReference: function(model, options) {
+this._byId[model.cid] = model;
+var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+},
+// Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
+_removeReference: function(model, options) {
+delete this._byId[model.cid];
+var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
+if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
+model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+},
+// Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
+// Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
+// events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
+// in other collections are ignored.
+_onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
+if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
+if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
+if (event === 'change') {
+var prevId = this.modelId(model.previousAttributes());
+var id = this.modelId(model.attributes);
+if (prevId !== id) {
+if (prevId != null) delete this._byId[prevId];
+if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
+}
+}
+this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
+}
+});
+// Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
+// 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
+// right here:
+var collectionMethods = { forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 4,
+foldl: 4, inject: 4, reduceRight: 4, foldr: 4, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
+select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3,
+contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
+head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
+without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
+isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3,
+sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3};
+// Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
+addUnderscoreMethods(Collection, collectionMethods, 'models');
+// Backbone.View
+// -------------
+// Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
+// is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
+// DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
+// even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
+// UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
+// having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
+// react to specific changes in the state of your models.
+// Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
+// if an existing element is not provided...
+var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
+this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
+_.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
+this._ensureElement();
+this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+};
+// Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
+var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
+// List of view options to be set as properties.
+var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
+// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
+_.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
+// The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
+tagName: 'div',
+// jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
+// current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
+$: function(selector) {
+return this.$el.find(selector);
+},
+// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+// initialization logic.
+initialize: function(){},
+// **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
+// to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
+// convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
+render: function() {
+return this;
+},
+// Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
+// applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
+remove: function() {
+this._removeElement();
+this.stopListening();
+return this;
+},
+// Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
+// attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
+// manipulation API.
+_removeElement: function() {
+this.$el.remove();
+},
+// Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
+// view's events on the new element.
+setElement: function(element) {
+this.undelegateEvents();
+this._setElement(element);
+this.delegateEvents();
+return this;
+},
+// Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
+// given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery
+// context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an
+// alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the
+// `this.el` property.
+_setElement: function(el) {
+this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
+this.el = this.$el[0];
+},
+// Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
+//
+// *{"event selector": "callback"}*
+//
+//     {
+//       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
+//       'click .button':     'save',
+//       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
+//     }
+//
+// pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
+// Uses event delegation for efficiency.
+// Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
+delegateEvents: function(events) {
+events || (events = _.result(this, 'events'));
+if (!events) return this;
+this.undelegateEvents();
+for (var key in events) {
+var method = events[key];
+if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[method];
+if (!method) continue;
+var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
+this.delegate(match[1], match[2], _.bind(method, this));
+}
+return this;
+},
+// Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
+// using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
+// `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+return this;
+},
+// Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
+// You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
+// Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
+undelegateEvents: function() {
+if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+return this;
+},
+// A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
+// `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
+undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+return this;
+},
+// Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
+// subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+_createElement: function(tagName) {
+return document.createElement(tagName);
+},
+// Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
+// If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
+// matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
+// an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
+_ensureElement: function() {
+if (!this.el) {
+var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
+if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
+if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
+this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
+this._setAttributes(attrs);
+} else {
+this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
+}
+},
+// Set attributes from a hash on this view's element.  Exposed for
+// subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+_setAttributes: function(attributes) {
+this.$el.attr(attributes);
+}
+});
+// Backbone.sync
+// -------------
+// Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
+// models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
+// model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
+// to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
+//
+// * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
+// * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
+// * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
+//
+// Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
+// as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
+// as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
+// instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
+// Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
+// it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
+Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
+var type = methodMap[method];
+// Default options, unless specified.
+_.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
+emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
+emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
+});
+// Default JSON-request options.
+var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
+// Ensure that we have a URL.
+if (!options.url) {
+params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
+}
+// Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
+if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
+params.contentType = 'application/json';
+params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
+}
+// For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
+if (options.emulateJSON) {
+params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
+params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
+}
+// For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
+// And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
+if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
+params.type = 'POST';
+if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
+var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
+options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
+xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
+if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
+};
+}
+// Don't process data on a non-GET request.
+if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
+params.processData = false;
+}
+// Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery.
+var error = options.error;
+options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) {
+options.textStatus = textStatus;
+options.errorThrown = errorThrown;
+if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown);
+};
+// Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
+var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
+model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
+return xhr;
+};
+// Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
+var methodMap = {
+'create': 'POST',
+'update': 'PUT',
+'patch':  'PATCH',
+'delete': 'DELETE',
+'read':   'GET'
+};
+// Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
+// Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
+Backbone.ajax = function() {
+return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
+};
+// Backbone.Router
+// ---------------
+// Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
+// matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
+var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
+options || (options = {});
+if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
+this._bindRoutes();
+this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+};
+// Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
+// parts of route strings.
+var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
+var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
+var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
+var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
+// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
+_.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+// initialization logic.
+initialize: function(){},
+// Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
+//
+//     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
+//       ...
+//     });
+//
+route: function(route, name, callback) {
+if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+if (_.isFunction(name)) {
+callback = name;
+name = '';
+}
+if (!callback) callback = this[name];
+var router = this;
+Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
+var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
+if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
+router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+router.trigger('route', name, args);
+Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
+}
+});
+return this;
+},
+// Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
+// excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
+execute: function(callback, args, name) {
+if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
+},
+// Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
+navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
+return this;
+},
+// Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
+// order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
+// routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
+_bindRoutes: function() {
+if (!this.routes) return;
+this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
+var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
+while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
+this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
+}
+},
+// Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
+// against the current location hash.
+_routeToRegExp: function(route) {
+route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
+.replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
+.replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
+return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
+})
+.replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
+return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
+},
+// Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
+// extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
+// treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
+_extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
+var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
+// Don't decode the search params.
+if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
+return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
+});
+}
+});
+// Backbone.History
+// ----------------
+// Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
+// [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
+// [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
+// and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
+// falls back to polling.
+var History = Backbone.History = function() {
+this.handlers = [];
+this.checkUrl = _.bind(this.checkUrl, this);
+// Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
+if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+this.location = window.location;
+this.history = window.history;
+}
+};
+// Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
+var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
+// Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
+var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
+// Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
+var pathStripper = /#.*$/;
+// Has the history handling already been started?
+History.started = false;
+// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
+_.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
+// The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
+// twenty times a second.
+interval: 50,
+// Are we at the app root?
+atRoot: function() {
+var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
+return path === this.root && !this.getSearch();
+},
+// Does the pathname match the root?
+matchRoot: function() {
+var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname);
+var root = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/';
+return root === this.root;
+},
+// Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
+// decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
+// of an encoded parameter.
+decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
+return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
+},
+// In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
+// fragment contains `?`.
+getSearch: function() {
+var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/);
+return match ? match[0] : '';
+},
+// Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
+// in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
+getHash: function(window) {
+var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
+return match ? match[1] : '';
+},
+// Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
+getPath: function() {
+var path = this.decodeFragment(
+this.location.pathname + this.getSearch()
+).slice(this.root.length - 1);
+return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path;
+},
+// Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
+getFragment: function(fragment) {
+if (fragment == null) {
+if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
+fragment = this.getPath();
+} else {
+fragment = this.getHash();
+}
+}
+return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
+},
+// Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
+// an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
+start: function(options) {
+if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
+History.started = true;
+// Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
+// Is pushState desired ... is it available?
+this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
+this.root             = this.options.root;
+this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
+this._hasHashChange   = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7);
+this._useHashChange   = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
+this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
+this._hasPushState    = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
+this._usePushState    = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
+this.fragment         = this.getFragment();
+// Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
+this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
+// Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
+// requested.
+if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {
+// If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
+// browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
+if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
+var root = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+this.location.replace(root + '#' + this.getPath());
+// Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
+return true;
+// Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
+// in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
+} else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
+this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
+}
+}
+// Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
+// support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
+// `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
+if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
+this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
+this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
+this.iframe.style.display = 'none';
+this.iframe.tabIndex = -1;
+var body = document.body;
+// Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
+var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
+iWindow.document.open();
+iWindow.document.close();
+iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
+}
+// Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
+return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+};
+// Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
+// 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
+if (this._usePushState) {
+addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+} else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
+}
+if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
+},
+// Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
+// but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
+stop: function() {
+// Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers.
+var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function (eventName, listener) {
+return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+};
+// Remove window listeners.
+if (this._usePushState) {
+removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+} else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
+removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+}
+// Clean up the iframe if necessary.
+if (this.iframe) {
+document.body.removeChild(this.iframe);
+this.iframe = null;
+}
+// Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval.
+if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
+History.started = false;
+},
+// Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
+// may override previous routes.
+route: function(route, callback) {
+this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
+},
+// Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
+// calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
+checkUrl: function(e) {
+var current = this.getFragment();
+// If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have
+// changed and we should use that for comparison.
+if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
+current = this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow);
+}
+if (current === this.fragment) return false;
+if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
+this.loadUrl();
+},
+// Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
+// match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
+// returns `false`.
+loadUrl: function(fragment) {
+// If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either.
+if (!this.matchRoot()) return false;
+fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
+return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) {
+if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
+handler.callback(fragment);
+return true;
+}
+});
+},
+// Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
+// 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
+// the fragment in advance.
+//
+// The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
+// route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
+// you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
+navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+if (!History.started) return false;
+if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
+// Normalize the fragment.
+fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
+// Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
+var root = this.root;
+if (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?') {
+root = root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
+}
+var url = root + fragment;
+// Strip the hash and decode for matching.
+fragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment.replace(pathStripper, ''));
+if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
+this.fragment = fragment;
+// If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
+if (this._usePushState) {
+this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
+// If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
+// fragment to store history.
+} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
+if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow))) {
+var iWindow = this.iframe.contentWindow;
+// Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
+// history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
+// want this.
+if (!options.replace) {
+iWindow.document.open();
+iWindow.document.close();
+}
+this._updateHash(iWindow.location, fragment, options.replace);
+}
+// If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
+// based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
+} else {
+return this.location.assign(url);
+}
+if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
+},
+// Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
+// a new one to the browser history.
+_updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
+if (replace) {
+var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
+location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
+} else {
+// Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
+location.hash = '#' + fragment;
+}
+}
+});
+// Create the default Backbone.history.
+Backbone.history = new History;
+// Helpers
+// -------
+// Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain for subclasses.
+// Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
+// class properties to be extended.
+var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
+var parent = this;
+var child;
+// The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
+// (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
+// by us to simply call the parent constructor.
+if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
+child = protoProps.constructor;
+} else {
+child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
+}
+// Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
+_.extend(child, parent, staticProps);
+// Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
+// `parent` constructor function.
+var Surrogate = function(){ this.constructor = child; };
+Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
+child.prototype = new Surrogate;
+// Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
+// if supplied.
+if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps);
+// Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
+// later.
+child.__super__ = parent.prototype;
+return child;
+};
+// Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
+Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;
+// Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
+var urlError = function() {
+throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
+};
+// Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
+var wrapError = function(model, options) {
+var error = options.error;
+options.error = function(resp) {
+if (error) error.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
+model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
+};
+};
+return Backbone;
+}));

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