web/lib/django/db/models/fields/related.py
changeset 38 77b6da96e6f1
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/lib/django/db/models/fields/related.py	Wed Jun 02 18:57:35 2010 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1161 @@
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.db import connection, router, transaction
+from django.db.backends import util
+from django.db.models import signals, get_model
+from django.db.models.fields import (AutoField, Field, IntegerField,
+    PositiveIntegerField, PositiveSmallIntegerField, FieldDoesNotExist)
+from django.db.models.related import RelatedObject
+from django.db.models.query import QuerySet
+from django.db.models.query_utils import QueryWrapper
+from django.utils.encoding import smart_unicode
+from django.utils.translation import ugettext_lazy as _, string_concat, ungettext, ugettext
+from django.utils.functional import curry
+from django.core import exceptions
+from django import forms
+
+
+RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT = 'self'
+
+pending_lookups = {}
+
+def add_lazy_relation(cls, field, relation, operation):
+    """
+    Adds a lookup on ``cls`` when a related field is defined using a string,
+    i.e.::
+
+        class MyModel(Model):
+            fk = ForeignKey("AnotherModel")
+
+    This string can be:
+
+        * RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT (i.e. "self") to indicate a recursive
+          relation.
+
+        * The name of a model (i.e "AnotherModel") to indicate another model in
+          the same app.
+
+        * An app-label and model name (i.e. "someapp.AnotherModel") to indicate
+          another model in a different app.
+
+    If the other model hasn't yet been loaded -- almost a given if you're using
+    lazy relationships -- then the relation won't be set up until the
+    class_prepared signal fires at the end of model initialization.
+
+    operation is the work that must be performed once the relation can be resolved.
+    """
+    # Check for recursive relations
+    if relation == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT:
+        app_label = cls._meta.app_label
+        model_name = cls.__name__
+
+    else:
+        # Look for an "app.Model" relation
+        try:
+            app_label, model_name = relation.split(".")
+        except ValueError:
+            # If we can't split, assume a model in current app
+            app_label = cls._meta.app_label
+            model_name = relation
+        except AttributeError:
+            # If it doesn't have a split it's actually a model class
+            app_label = relation._meta.app_label
+            model_name = relation._meta.object_name
+
+    # Try to look up the related model, and if it's already loaded resolve the
+    # string right away. If get_model returns None, it means that the related
+    # model isn't loaded yet, so we need to pend the relation until the class
+    # is prepared.
+    model = get_model(app_label, model_name, False)
+    if model:
+        operation(field, model, cls)
+    else:
+        key = (app_label, model_name)
+        value = (cls, field, operation)
+        pending_lookups.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
+
+def do_pending_lookups(sender, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Handle any pending relations to the sending model. Sent from class_prepared.
+    """
+    key = (sender._meta.app_label, sender.__name__)
+    for cls, field, operation in pending_lookups.pop(key, []):
+        operation(field, sender, cls)
+
+signals.class_prepared.connect(do_pending_lookups)
+
+#HACK
+class RelatedField(object):
+    def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name):
+        sup = super(RelatedField, self)
+
+        # Store the opts for related_query_name()
+        self.opts = cls._meta
+
+        if hasattr(sup, 'contribute_to_class'):
+            sup.contribute_to_class(cls, name)
+
+        if not cls._meta.abstract and self.rel.related_name:
+            self.rel.related_name = self.rel.related_name % {
+                    'class': cls.__name__.lower(),
+                    'app_label': cls._meta.app_label.lower(),
+                }
+
+        other = self.rel.to
+        if isinstance(other, basestring) or other._meta.pk is None:
+            def resolve_related_class(field, model, cls):
+                field.rel.to = model
+                field.do_related_class(model, cls)
+            add_lazy_relation(cls, self, other, resolve_related_class)
+        else:
+            self.do_related_class(other, cls)
+
+    def set_attributes_from_rel(self):
+        self.name = self.name or (self.rel.to._meta.object_name.lower() + '_' + self.rel.to._meta.pk.name)
+        if self.verbose_name is None:
+            self.verbose_name = self.rel.to._meta.verbose_name
+        self.rel.field_name = self.rel.field_name or self.rel.to._meta.pk.name
+
+    def do_related_class(self, other, cls):
+        self.set_attributes_from_rel()
+        self.related = RelatedObject(other, cls, self)
+        if not cls._meta.abstract:
+            self.contribute_to_related_class(other, self.related)
+
+    def get_prep_lookup(self, lookup_type, value):
+        if hasattr(value, 'prepare'):
+            return value.prepare()
+        if hasattr(value, '_prepare'):
+            return value._prepare()
+        # FIXME: lt and gt are explicitly allowed to make
+        # get_(next/prev)_by_date work; other lookups are not allowed since that
+        # gets messy pretty quick. This is a good candidate for some refactoring
+        # in the future.
+        if lookup_type in ['exact', 'gt', 'lt', 'gte', 'lte']:
+            return self._pk_trace(value, 'get_prep_lookup', lookup_type)
+        if lookup_type in ('range', 'in'):
+            return [self._pk_trace(v, 'get_prep_lookup', lookup_type) for v in value]
+        elif lookup_type == 'isnull':
+            return []
+        raise TypeError("Related Field has invalid lookup: %s" % lookup_type)
+
+    def get_db_prep_lookup(self, lookup_type, value, connection, prepared=False):
+        if not prepared:
+            value = self.get_prep_lookup(lookup_type, value)
+        if hasattr(value, 'get_compiler'):
+            value = value.get_compiler(connection=connection)
+        if hasattr(value, 'as_sql') or hasattr(value, '_as_sql'):
+            # If the value has a relabel_aliases method, it will need to
+            # be invoked before the final SQL is evaluated
+            if hasattr(value, 'relabel_aliases'):
+                return value
+            if hasattr(value, 'as_sql'):
+                sql, params = value.as_sql()
+            else:
+                sql, params = value._as_sql(connection=connection)
+            return QueryWrapper(('(%s)' % sql), params)
+
+        # FIXME: lt and gt are explicitly allowed to make
+        # get_(next/prev)_by_date work; other lookups are not allowed since that
+        # gets messy pretty quick. This is a good candidate for some refactoring
+        # in the future.
+        if lookup_type in ['exact', 'gt', 'lt', 'gte', 'lte']:
+            return [self._pk_trace(value, 'get_db_prep_lookup', lookup_type,
+                            connection=connection, prepared=prepared)]
+        if lookup_type in ('range', 'in'):
+            return [self._pk_trace(v, 'get_db_prep_lookup', lookup_type,
+                            connection=connection, prepared=prepared)
+                    for v in value]
+        elif lookup_type == 'isnull':
+            return []
+        raise TypeError("Related Field has invalid lookup: %s" % lookup_type)
+
+    def _pk_trace(self, value, prep_func, lookup_type, **kwargs):
+        # Value may be a primary key, or an object held in a relation.
+        # If it is an object, then we need to get the primary key value for
+        # that object. In certain conditions (especially one-to-one relations),
+        # the primary key may itself be an object - so we need to keep drilling
+        # down until we hit a value that can be used for a comparison.
+        v = value
+        try:
+            while True:
+                v = getattr(v, v._meta.pk.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        except exceptions.ObjectDoesNotExist:
+            v = None
+
+        field = self
+        while field.rel:
+            if hasattr(field.rel, 'field_name'):
+                field = field.rel.to._meta.get_field(field.rel.field_name)
+            else:
+                field = field.rel.to._meta.pk
+
+        if lookup_type in ('range', 'in'):
+            v = [v]
+        v = getattr(field, prep_func)(lookup_type, v, **kwargs)
+        if isinstance(v, list):
+            v = v[0]
+        return v
+
+    def related_query_name(self):
+        # This method defines the name that can be used to identify this
+        # related object in a table-spanning query. It uses the lower-cased
+        # object_name by default, but this can be overridden with the
+        # "related_name" option.
+        return self.rel.related_name or self.opts.object_name.lower()
+
+class SingleRelatedObjectDescriptor(object):
+    # This class provides the functionality that makes the related-object
+    # managers available as attributes on a model class, for fields that have
+    # a single "remote" value, on the class pointed to by a related field.
+    # In the example "place.restaurant", the restaurant attribute is a
+    # SingleRelatedObjectDescriptor instance.
+    def __init__(self, related):
+        self.related = related
+        self.cache_name = related.get_cache_name()
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, instance_type=None):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+        try:
+            return getattr(instance, self.cache_name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            params = {'%s__pk' % self.related.field.name: instance._get_pk_val()}
+            db = router.db_for_read(self.related.model, instance=instance)
+            rel_obj = self.related.model._base_manager.using(db).get(**params)
+            setattr(instance, self.cache_name, rel_obj)
+            return rel_obj
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("%s must be accessed via instance" % self.related.opts.object_name)
+
+        # The similarity of the code below to the code in
+        # ReverseSingleRelatedObjectDescriptor is annoying, but there's a bunch
+        # of small differences that would make a common base class convoluted.
+
+        # If null=True, we can assign null here, but otherwise the value needs
+        # to be an instance of the related class.
+        if value is None and self.related.field.null == False:
+            raise ValueError('Cannot assign None: "%s.%s" does not allow null values.' %
+                                (instance._meta.object_name, self.related.get_accessor_name()))
+        elif value is not None and not isinstance(value, self.related.model):
+            raise ValueError('Cannot assign "%r": "%s.%s" must be a "%s" instance.' %
+                                (value, instance._meta.object_name,
+                                 self.related.get_accessor_name(), self.related.opts.object_name))
+        elif value is not None:
+            if instance._state.db is None:
+                instance._state.db = router.db_for_write(instance.__class__, instance=value)
+            elif value._state.db is None:
+                value._state.db = router.db_for_write(value.__class__, instance=instance)
+            elif value._state.db is not None and instance._state.db is not None:
+                if not router.allow_relation(value, instance):
+                    raise ValueError('Cannot assign "%r": instance is on database "%s", value is on database "%s"' %
+                                        (value, instance._state.db, value._state.db))
+
+        # Set the value of the related field to the value of the related object's related field
+        setattr(value, self.related.field.attname, getattr(instance, self.related.field.rel.get_related_field().attname))
+
+        # Since we already know what the related object is, seed the related
+        # object caches now, too. This avoids another db hit if you get the
+        # object you just set.
+        setattr(instance, self.cache_name, value)
+        setattr(value, self.related.field.get_cache_name(), instance)
+
+class ReverseSingleRelatedObjectDescriptor(object):
+    # This class provides the functionality that makes the related-object
+    # managers available as attributes on a model class, for fields that have
+    # a single "remote" value, on the class that defines the related field.
+    # In the example "choice.poll", the poll attribute is a
+    # ReverseSingleRelatedObjectDescriptor instance.
+    def __init__(self, field_with_rel):
+        self.field = field_with_rel
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, instance_type=None):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+
+        cache_name = self.field.get_cache_name()
+        try:
+            return getattr(instance, cache_name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            val = getattr(instance, self.field.attname)
+            if val is None:
+                # If NULL is an allowed value, return it.
+                if self.field.null:
+                    return None
+                raise self.field.rel.to.DoesNotExist
+            other_field = self.field.rel.get_related_field()
+            if other_field.rel:
+                params = {'%s__pk' % self.field.rel.field_name: val}
+            else:
+                params = {'%s__exact' % self.field.rel.field_name: val}
+
+            # If the related manager indicates that it should be used for
+            # related fields, respect that.
+            rel_mgr = self.field.rel.to._default_manager
+            db = router.db_for_read(self.field.rel.to, instance=instance)
+            if getattr(rel_mgr, 'use_for_related_fields', False):
+                rel_obj = rel_mgr.using(db).get(**params)
+            else:
+                rel_obj = QuerySet(self.field.rel.to).using(db).get(**params)
+            setattr(instance, cache_name, rel_obj)
+            return rel_obj
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("%s must be accessed via instance" % self._field.name)
+
+        # If null=True, we can assign null here, but otherwise the value needs
+        # to be an instance of the related class.
+        if value is None and self.field.null == False:
+            raise ValueError('Cannot assign None: "%s.%s" does not allow null values.' %
+                                (instance._meta.object_name, self.field.name))
+        elif value is not None and not isinstance(value, self.field.rel.to):
+            raise ValueError('Cannot assign "%r": "%s.%s" must be a "%s" instance.' %
+                                (value, instance._meta.object_name,
+                                 self.field.name, self.field.rel.to._meta.object_name))
+        elif value is not None:
+            if instance._state.db is None:
+                instance._state.db = router.db_for_write(instance.__class__, instance=value)
+            elif value._state.db is None:
+                value._state.db = router.db_for_write(value.__class__, instance=instance)
+            elif value._state.db is not None and instance._state.db is not None:
+                if not router.allow_relation(value, instance):
+                    raise ValueError('Cannot assign "%r": instance is on database "%s", value is on database "%s"' %
+                                        (value, instance._state.db, value._state.db))
+
+        # If we're setting the value of a OneToOneField to None, we need to clear
+        # out the cache on any old related object. Otherwise, deleting the
+        # previously-related object will also cause this object to be deleted,
+        # which is wrong.
+        if value is None:
+            # Look up the previously-related object, which may still be available
+            # since we've not yet cleared out the related field.
+            # Use the cache directly, instead of the accessor; if we haven't
+            # populated the cache, then we don't care - we're only accessing
+            # the object to invalidate the accessor cache, so there's no
+            # need to populate the cache just to expire it again.
+            related = getattr(instance, self.field.get_cache_name(), None)
+
+            # If we've got an old related object, we need to clear out its
+            # cache. This cache also might not exist if the related object
+            # hasn't been accessed yet.
+            if related:
+                cache_name = self.field.related.get_cache_name()
+                try:
+                    delattr(related, cache_name)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+
+        # Set the value of the related field
+        try:
+            val = getattr(value, self.field.rel.get_related_field().attname)
+        except AttributeError:
+            val = None
+        setattr(instance, self.field.attname, val)
+
+        # Since we already know what the related object is, seed the related
+        # object cache now, too. This avoids another db hit if you get the
+        # object you just set.
+        setattr(instance, self.field.get_cache_name(), value)
+
+class ForeignRelatedObjectsDescriptor(object):
+    # This class provides the functionality that makes the related-object
+    # managers available as attributes on a model class, for fields that have
+    # multiple "remote" values and have a ForeignKey pointed at them by
+    # some other model. In the example "poll.choice_set", the choice_set
+    # attribute is a ForeignRelatedObjectsDescriptor instance.
+    def __init__(self, related):
+        self.related = related   # RelatedObject instance
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, instance_type=None):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+
+        return self.create_manager(instance,
+                self.related.model._default_manager.__class__)
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("Manager must be accessed via instance")
+
+        manager = self.__get__(instance)
+        # If the foreign key can support nulls, then completely clear the related set.
+        # Otherwise, just move the named objects into the set.
+        if self.related.field.null:
+            manager.clear()
+        manager.add(*value)
+
+    def delete_manager(self, instance):
+        """
+        Returns a queryset based on the related model's base manager (rather
+        than the default manager, as returned by __get__). Used by
+        Model.delete().
+        """
+        return self.create_manager(instance,
+                self.related.model._base_manager.__class__)
+
+    def create_manager(self, instance, superclass):
+        """
+        Creates the managers used by other methods (__get__() and delete()).
+        """
+        rel_field = self.related.field
+        rel_model = self.related.model
+
+        class RelatedManager(superclass):
+            def get_query_set(self):
+                db = self._db or router.db_for_read(rel_model, instance=instance)
+                return superclass.get_query_set(self).using(db).filter(**(self.core_filters))
+
+            def add(self, *objs):
+                for obj in objs:
+                    if not isinstance(obj, self.model):
+                        raise TypeError("'%s' instance expected" % self.model._meta.object_name)
+                    setattr(obj, rel_field.name, instance)
+                    obj.save()
+            add.alters_data = True
+
+            def create(self, **kwargs):
+                kwargs.update({rel_field.name: instance})
+                db = router.db_for_write(rel_model, instance=instance)
+                return super(RelatedManager, self).using(db).create(**kwargs)
+            create.alters_data = True
+
+            def get_or_create(self, **kwargs):
+                # Update kwargs with the related object that this
+                # ForeignRelatedObjectsDescriptor knows about.
+                kwargs.update({rel_field.name: instance})
+                db = router.db_for_write(rel_model, instance=instance)
+                return super(RelatedManager, self).using(db).get_or_create(**kwargs)
+            get_or_create.alters_data = True
+
+            # remove() and clear() are only provided if the ForeignKey can have a value of null.
+            if rel_field.null:
+                def remove(self, *objs):
+                    val = getattr(instance, rel_field.rel.get_related_field().attname)
+                    for obj in objs:
+                        # Is obj actually part of this descriptor set?
+                        if getattr(obj, rel_field.attname) == val:
+                            setattr(obj, rel_field.name, None)
+                            obj.save()
+                        else:
+                            raise rel_field.rel.to.DoesNotExist("%r is not related to %r." % (obj, instance))
+                remove.alters_data = True
+
+                def clear(self):
+                    for obj in self.all():
+                        setattr(obj, rel_field.name, None)
+                        obj.save()
+                clear.alters_data = True
+
+        manager = RelatedManager()
+        attname = rel_field.rel.get_related_field().name
+        manager.core_filters = {'%s__%s' % (rel_field.name, attname):
+                getattr(instance, attname)}
+        manager.model = self.related.model
+
+        return manager
+
+def create_many_related_manager(superclass, rel=False):
+    """Creates a manager that subclasses 'superclass' (which is a Manager)
+    and adds behavior for many-to-many related objects."""
+    through = rel.through
+    class ManyRelatedManager(superclass):
+        def __init__(self, model=None, core_filters=None, instance=None, symmetrical=None,
+                join_table=None, source_field_name=None, target_field_name=None,
+                reverse=False):
+            super(ManyRelatedManager, self).__init__()
+            self.core_filters = core_filters
+            self.model = model
+            self.symmetrical = symmetrical
+            self.instance = instance
+            self.source_field_name = source_field_name
+            self.target_field_name = target_field_name
+            self.through = through
+            self._pk_val = self.instance.pk
+            self.reverse = reverse
+            if self._pk_val is None:
+                raise ValueError("%r instance needs to have a primary key value before a many-to-many relationship can be used." % instance.__class__.__name__)
+
+        def get_query_set(self):
+            db = self._db or router.db_for_read(self.instance.__class__, instance=self.instance)
+            return superclass.get_query_set(self).using(db)._next_is_sticky().filter(**(self.core_filters))
+
+        # If the ManyToMany relation has an intermediary model,
+        # the add and remove methods do not exist.
+        if rel.through._meta.auto_created:
+            def add(self, *objs):
+                self._add_items(self.source_field_name, self.target_field_name, *objs)
+
+                # If this is a symmetrical m2m relation to self, add the mirror entry in the m2m table
+                if self.symmetrical:
+                    self._add_items(self.target_field_name, self.source_field_name, *objs)
+            add.alters_data = True
+
+            def remove(self, *objs):
+                self._remove_items(self.source_field_name, self.target_field_name, *objs)
+
+                # If this is a symmetrical m2m relation to self, remove the mirror entry in the m2m table
+                if self.symmetrical:
+                    self._remove_items(self.target_field_name, self.source_field_name, *objs)
+            remove.alters_data = True
+
+        def clear(self):
+            self._clear_items(self.source_field_name)
+
+            # If this is a symmetrical m2m relation to self, clear the mirror entry in the m2m table
+            if self.symmetrical:
+                self._clear_items(self.target_field_name)
+        clear.alters_data = True
+
+        def create(self, **kwargs):
+            # This check needs to be done here, since we can't later remove this
+            # from the method lookup table, as we do with add and remove.
+            if not rel.through._meta.auto_created:
+                opts = through._meta
+                raise AttributeError("Cannot use create() on a ManyToManyField which specifies an intermediary model. Use %s.%s's Manager instead." % (opts.app_label, opts.object_name))
+            db = router.db_for_write(self.instance.__class__, instance=self.instance)
+            new_obj = super(ManyRelatedManager, self).using(db).create(**kwargs)
+            self.add(new_obj)
+            return new_obj
+        create.alters_data = True
+
+        def get_or_create(self, **kwargs):
+            db = router.db_for_write(self.instance.__class__, instance=self.instance)
+            obj, created = \
+                super(ManyRelatedManager, self).using(db).get_or_create(**kwargs)
+            # We only need to add() if created because if we got an object back
+            # from get() then the relationship already exists.
+            if created:
+                self.add(obj)
+            return obj, created
+        get_or_create.alters_data = True
+
+        def _add_items(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, *objs):
+            # join_table: name of the m2m link table
+            # source_field_name: the PK fieldname in join_table for the source object
+            # target_field_name: the PK fieldname in join_table for the target object
+            # *objs - objects to add. Either object instances, or primary keys of object instances.
+
+            # If there aren't any objects, there is nothing to do.
+            from django.db.models import Model
+            if objs:
+                new_ids = set()
+                for obj in objs:
+                    if isinstance(obj, self.model):
+                        if not router.allow_relation(obj, self.instance):
+                           raise ValueError('Cannot add "%r": instance is on database "%s", value is on database "%s"' %
+                                               (obj, self.instance._state.db, obj._state.db))
+                        new_ids.add(obj.pk)
+                    elif isinstance(obj, Model):
+                        raise TypeError("'%s' instance expected" % self.model._meta.object_name)
+                    else:
+                        new_ids.add(obj)
+                db = router.db_for_write(self.through.__class__, instance=self.instance)
+                vals = self.through._default_manager.using(db).values_list(target_field_name, flat=True)
+                vals = vals.filter(**{
+                    source_field_name: self._pk_val,
+                    '%s__in' % target_field_name: new_ids,
+                })
+                new_ids = new_ids - set(vals)
+
+                if self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name:
+                    # Don't send the signal when we are inserting the
+                    # duplicate data row for symmetrical reverse entries.
+                    signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=rel.through, action='pre_add',
+                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
+                        model=self.model, pk_set=new_ids)
+                # Add the ones that aren't there already
+                for obj_id in new_ids:
+                    self.through._default_manager.using(db).create(**{
+                        '%s_id' % source_field_name: self._pk_val,
+                        '%s_id' % target_field_name: obj_id,
+                    })
+                if self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name:
+                    # Don't send the signal when we are inserting the
+                    # duplicate data row for symmetrical reverse entries.
+                    signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=rel.through, action='post_add',
+                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
+                        model=self.model, pk_set=new_ids)
+
+        def _remove_items(self, source_field_name, target_field_name, *objs):
+            # source_col_name: the PK colname in join_table for the source object
+            # target_col_name: the PK colname in join_table for the target object
+            # *objs - objects to remove
+
+            # If there aren't any objects, there is nothing to do.
+            if objs:
+                # Check that all the objects are of the right type
+                old_ids = set()
+                for obj in objs:
+                    if isinstance(obj, self.model):
+                        old_ids.add(obj.pk)
+                    else:
+                        old_ids.add(obj)
+                if self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name:
+                    # Don't send the signal when we are deleting the
+                    # duplicate data row for symmetrical reverse entries.
+                    signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=rel.through, action="pre_remove",
+                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
+                        model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids)
+                # Remove the specified objects from the join table
+                db = router.db_for_write(self.through.__class__, instance=self.instance)
+                self.through._default_manager.using(db).filter(**{
+                    source_field_name: self._pk_val,
+                    '%s__in' % target_field_name: old_ids
+                }).delete()
+                if self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name:
+                    # Don't send the signal when we are deleting the
+                    # duplicate data row for symmetrical reverse entries.
+                    signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=rel.through, action="post_remove",
+                        instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
+                        model=self.model, pk_set=old_ids)
+
+        def _clear_items(self, source_field_name):
+            # source_col_name: the PK colname in join_table for the source object
+            if self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name:
+                # Don't send the signal when we are clearing the
+                # duplicate data rows for symmetrical reverse entries.
+                signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=rel.through, action="pre_clear",
+                    instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
+                    model=self.model, pk_set=None)
+            db = router.db_for_write(self.through.__class__, instance=self.instance)
+            self.through._default_manager.using(db).filter(**{
+                source_field_name: self._pk_val
+            }).delete()
+            if self.reverse or source_field_name == self.source_field_name:
+                # Don't send the signal when we are clearing the
+                # duplicate data rows for symmetrical reverse entries.
+                signals.m2m_changed.send(sender=rel.through, action="post_clear",
+                    instance=self.instance, reverse=self.reverse,
+                    model=self.model, pk_set=None)
+
+    return ManyRelatedManager
+
+class ManyRelatedObjectsDescriptor(object):
+    # This class provides the functionality that makes the related-object
+    # managers available as attributes on a model class, for fields that have
+    # multiple "remote" values and have a ManyToManyField pointed at them by
+    # some other model (rather than having a ManyToManyField themselves).
+    # In the example "publication.article_set", the article_set attribute is a
+    # ManyRelatedObjectsDescriptor instance.
+    def __init__(self, related):
+        self.related = related   # RelatedObject instance
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, instance_type=None):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+
+        # Dynamically create a class that subclasses the related
+        # model's default manager.
+        rel_model = self.related.model
+        superclass = rel_model._default_manager.__class__
+        RelatedManager = create_many_related_manager(superclass, self.related.field.rel)
+
+        manager = RelatedManager(
+            model=rel_model,
+            core_filters={'%s__pk' % self.related.field.name: instance._get_pk_val()},
+            instance=instance,
+            symmetrical=False,
+            source_field_name=self.related.field.m2m_reverse_field_name(),
+            target_field_name=self.related.field.m2m_field_name(),
+            reverse=True
+        )
+
+        return manager
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("Manager must be accessed via instance")
+
+        if not self.related.field.rel.through._meta.auto_created:
+            opts = self.related.field.rel.through._meta
+            raise AttributeError("Cannot set values on a ManyToManyField which specifies an intermediary model. Use %s.%s's Manager instead." % (opts.app_label, opts.object_name))
+
+        manager = self.__get__(instance)
+        manager.clear()
+        manager.add(*value)
+
+
+class ReverseManyRelatedObjectsDescriptor(object):
+    # This class provides the functionality that makes the related-object
+    # managers available as attributes on a model class, for fields that have
+    # multiple "remote" values and have a ManyToManyField defined in their
+    # model (rather than having another model pointed *at* them).
+    # In the example "article.publications", the publications attribute is a
+    # ReverseManyRelatedObjectsDescriptor instance.
+    def __init__(self, m2m_field):
+        self.field = m2m_field
+
+    def _through(self):
+        # through is provided so that you have easy access to the through
+        # model (Book.authors.through) for inlines, etc. This is done as
+        # a property to ensure that the fully resolved value is returned.
+        return self.field.rel.through
+    through = property(_through)
+
+    def __get__(self, instance, instance_type=None):
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+
+        # Dynamically create a class that subclasses the related
+        # model's default manager.
+        rel_model=self.field.rel.to
+        superclass = rel_model._default_manager.__class__
+        RelatedManager = create_many_related_manager(superclass, self.field.rel)
+
+        manager = RelatedManager(
+            model=rel_model,
+            core_filters={'%s__pk' % self.field.related_query_name(): instance._get_pk_val()},
+            instance=instance,
+            symmetrical=self.field.rel.symmetrical,
+            source_field_name=self.field.m2m_field_name(),
+            target_field_name=self.field.m2m_reverse_field_name(),
+            reverse=False
+        )
+
+        return manager
+
+    def __set__(self, instance, value):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("Manager must be accessed via instance")
+
+        if not self.field.rel.through._meta.auto_created:
+            opts = self.field.rel.through._meta
+            raise AttributeError("Cannot set values on a ManyToManyField which specifies an intermediary model.  Use %s.%s's Manager instead." % (opts.app_label, opts.object_name))
+
+        manager = self.__get__(instance)
+        manager.clear()
+        manager.add(*value)
+
+class ManyToOneRel(object):
+    def __init__(self, to, field_name, related_name=None,
+            limit_choices_to=None, lookup_overrides=None, parent_link=False):
+        try:
+            to._meta
+        except AttributeError: # to._meta doesn't exist, so it must be RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
+            assert isinstance(to, basestring), "'to' must be either a model, a model name or the string %r" % RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
+        self.to, self.field_name = to, field_name
+        self.related_name = related_name
+        if limit_choices_to is None:
+            limit_choices_to = {}
+        self.limit_choices_to = limit_choices_to
+        self.lookup_overrides = lookup_overrides or {}
+        self.multiple = True
+        self.parent_link = parent_link
+
+    def is_hidden(self):
+        "Should the related object be hidden?"
+        return self.related_name and self.related_name[-1] == '+'
+
+    def get_related_field(self):
+        """
+        Returns the Field in the 'to' object to which this relationship is
+        tied.
+        """
+        data = self.to._meta.get_field_by_name(self.field_name)
+        if not data[2]:
+            raise FieldDoesNotExist("No related field named '%s'" %
+                    self.field_name)
+        return data[0]
+
+class OneToOneRel(ManyToOneRel):
+    def __init__(self, to, field_name, related_name=None,
+            limit_choices_to=None, lookup_overrides=None, parent_link=False):
+        super(OneToOneRel, self).__init__(to, field_name,
+                related_name=related_name, limit_choices_to=limit_choices_to,
+                lookup_overrides=lookup_overrides, parent_link=parent_link)
+        self.multiple = False
+
+class ManyToManyRel(object):
+    def __init__(self, to, related_name=None, limit_choices_to=None,
+            symmetrical=True, through=None):
+        self.to = to
+        self.related_name = related_name
+        if limit_choices_to is None:
+            limit_choices_to = {}
+        self.limit_choices_to = limit_choices_to
+        self.symmetrical = symmetrical
+        self.multiple = True
+        self.through = through
+
+    def is_hidden(self):
+        "Should the related object be hidden?"
+        return self.related_name and self.related_name[-1] == '+'
+
+    def get_related_field(self):
+        """
+        Returns the field in the to' object to which this relationship is tied
+        (this is always the primary key on the target model). Provided for
+        symmetry with ManyToOneRel.
+        """
+        return self.to._meta.pk
+
+class ForeignKey(RelatedField, Field):
+    empty_strings_allowed = False
+    default_error_messages = {
+        'invalid': _('Model %(model)s with pk %(pk)r does not exist.')
+    }
+    description = _("Foreign Key (type determined by related field)")
+    def __init__(self, to, to_field=None, rel_class=ManyToOneRel, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            to_name = to._meta.object_name.lower()
+        except AttributeError: # to._meta doesn't exist, so it must be RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
+            assert isinstance(to, basestring), "%s(%r) is invalid. First parameter to ForeignKey must be either a model, a model name, or the string %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, to, RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT)
+        else:
+            assert not to._meta.abstract, "%s cannot define a relation with abstract class %s" % (self.__class__.__name__, to._meta.object_name)
+            # For backwards compatibility purposes, we need to *try* and set
+            # the to_field during FK construction. It won't be guaranteed to
+            # be correct until contribute_to_class is called. Refs #12190.
+            to_field = to_field or (to._meta.pk and to._meta.pk.name)
+        kwargs['verbose_name'] = kwargs.get('verbose_name', None)
+
+        kwargs['rel'] = rel_class(to, to_field,
+            related_name=kwargs.pop('related_name', None),
+            limit_choices_to=kwargs.pop('limit_choices_to', None),
+            lookup_overrides=kwargs.pop('lookup_overrides', None),
+            parent_link=kwargs.pop('parent_link', False))
+        Field.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        self.db_index = True
+
+    def validate(self, value, model_instance):
+        if self.rel.parent_link:
+            return
+        super(ForeignKey, self).validate(value, model_instance)
+        if value is None:
+            return
+
+        qs = self.rel.to._default_manager.filter(**{self.rel.field_name:value})
+        qs = qs.complex_filter(self.rel.limit_choices_to)
+        if not qs.exists():
+            raise exceptions.ValidationError(self.error_messages['invalid'] % {
+                'model': self.rel.to._meta.verbose_name, 'pk': value})
+
+    def get_attname(self):
+        return '%s_id' % self.name
+
+    def get_validator_unique_lookup_type(self):
+        return '%s__%s__exact' % (self.name, self.rel.get_related_field().name)
+
+    def get_default(self):
+        "Here we check if the default value is an object and return the to_field if so."
+        field_default = super(ForeignKey, self).get_default()
+        if isinstance(field_default, self.rel.to):
+            return getattr(field_default, self.rel.get_related_field().attname)
+        return field_default
+
+    def get_db_prep_save(self, value, connection):
+        if value == '' or value == None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.rel.get_related_field().get_db_prep_save(value,
+                connection=connection)
+
+    def value_to_string(self, obj):
+        if not obj:
+            # In required many-to-one fields with only one available choice,
+            # select that one available choice. Note: For SelectFields
+            # we have to check that the length of choices is *2*, not 1,
+            # because SelectFields always have an initial "blank" value.
+            if not self.blank and self.choices:
+                choice_list = self.get_choices_default()
+                if len(choice_list) == 2:
+                    return smart_unicode(choice_list[1][0])
+        return Field.value_to_string(self, obj)
+
+    def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name):
+        super(ForeignKey, self).contribute_to_class(cls, name)
+        setattr(cls, self.name, ReverseSingleRelatedObjectDescriptor(self))
+        if isinstance(self.rel.to, basestring):
+            target = self.rel.to
+        else:
+            target = self.rel.to._meta.db_table
+        cls._meta.duplicate_targets[self.column] = (target, "o2m")
+
+    def contribute_to_related_class(self, cls, related):
+        # Internal FK's - i.e., those with a related name ending with '+' -
+        # don't get a related descriptor.
+        if not self.rel.is_hidden():
+            setattr(cls, related.get_accessor_name(), ForeignRelatedObjectsDescriptor(related))
+        if self.rel.field_name is None:
+            self.rel.field_name = cls._meta.pk.name
+
+    def formfield(self, **kwargs):
+        db = kwargs.pop('using', None)
+        defaults = {
+            'form_class': forms.ModelChoiceField,
+            'queryset': self.rel.to._default_manager.using(db).complex_filter(self.rel.limit_choices_to),
+            'to_field_name': self.rel.field_name,
+        }
+        defaults.update(kwargs)
+        return super(ForeignKey, self).formfield(**defaults)
+
+    def db_type(self, connection):
+        # The database column type of a ForeignKey is the column type
+        # of the field to which it points. An exception is if the ForeignKey
+        # points to an AutoField/PositiveIntegerField/PositiveSmallIntegerField,
+        # in which case the column type is simply that of an IntegerField.
+        # If the database needs similar types for key fields however, the only
+        # thing we can do is making AutoField an IntegerField.
+        rel_field = self.rel.get_related_field()
+        if (isinstance(rel_field, AutoField) or
+                (not connection.features.related_fields_match_type and
+                isinstance(rel_field, (PositiveIntegerField,
+                                       PositiveSmallIntegerField)))):
+            return IntegerField().db_type(connection=connection)
+        return rel_field.db_type(connection=connection)
+
+class OneToOneField(ForeignKey):
+    """
+    A OneToOneField is essentially the same as a ForeignKey, with the exception
+    that always carries a "unique" constraint with it and the reverse relation
+    always returns the object pointed to (since there will only ever be one),
+    rather than returning a list.
+    """
+    description = _("One-to-one relationship")
+    def __init__(self, to, to_field=None, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['unique'] = True
+        super(OneToOneField, self).__init__(to, to_field, OneToOneRel, **kwargs)
+
+    def contribute_to_related_class(self, cls, related):
+        setattr(cls, related.get_accessor_name(),
+                SingleRelatedObjectDescriptor(related))
+
+    def formfield(self, **kwargs):
+        if self.rel.parent_link:
+            return None
+        return super(OneToOneField, self).formfield(**kwargs)
+
+    def save_form_data(self, instance, data):
+        if isinstance(data, self.rel.to):
+            setattr(instance, self.name, data)
+        else:
+            setattr(instance, self.attname, data)
+
+def create_many_to_many_intermediary_model(field, klass):
+    from django.db import models
+    managed = True
+    if isinstance(field.rel.to, basestring) and field.rel.to != RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT:
+        to_model = field.rel.to
+        to = to_model.split('.')[-1]
+        def set_managed(field, model, cls):
+            field.rel.through._meta.managed = model._meta.managed or cls._meta.managed
+        add_lazy_relation(klass, field, to_model, set_managed)
+    elif isinstance(field.rel.to, basestring):
+        to = klass._meta.object_name
+        to_model = klass
+        managed = klass._meta.managed
+    else:
+        to = field.rel.to._meta.object_name
+        to_model = field.rel.to
+        managed = klass._meta.managed or to_model._meta.managed
+    name = '%s_%s' % (klass._meta.object_name, field.name)
+    if field.rel.to == RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT or to == klass._meta.object_name:
+        from_ = 'from_%s' % to.lower()
+        to = 'to_%s' % to.lower()
+    else:
+        from_ = klass._meta.object_name.lower()
+        to = to.lower()
+    meta = type('Meta', (object,), {
+        'db_table': field._get_m2m_db_table(klass._meta),
+        'managed': managed,
+        'auto_created': klass,
+        'app_label': klass._meta.app_label,
+        'unique_together': (from_, to),
+        'verbose_name': '%(from)s-%(to)s relationship' % {'from': from_, 'to': to},
+        'verbose_name_plural': '%(from)s-%(to)s relationships' % {'from': from_, 'to': to},
+    })
+    # Construct and return the new class.
+    return type(name, (models.Model,), {
+        'Meta': meta,
+        '__module__': klass.__module__,
+        from_: models.ForeignKey(klass, related_name='%s+' % name),
+        to: models.ForeignKey(to_model, related_name='%s+' % name)
+    })
+
+class ManyToManyField(RelatedField, Field):
+    description = _("Many-to-many relationship")
+    def __init__(self, to, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            assert not to._meta.abstract, "%s cannot define a relation with abstract class %s" % (self.__class__.__name__, to._meta.object_name)
+        except AttributeError: # to._meta doesn't exist, so it must be RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT
+            assert isinstance(to, basestring), "%s(%r) is invalid. First parameter to ManyToManyField must be either a model, a model name, or the string %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, to, RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT)
+
+        kwargs['verbose_name'] = kwargs.get('verbose_name', None)
+        kwargs['rel'] = ManyToManyRel(to,
+            related_name=kwargs.pop('related_name', None),
+            limit_choices_to=kwargs.pop('limit_choices_to', None),
+            symmetrical=kwargs.pop('symmetrical', to==RECURSIVE_RELATIONSHIP_CONSTANT),
+            through=kwargs.pop('through', None))
+
+        self.db_table = kwargs.pop('db_table', None)
+        if kwargs['rel'].through is not None:
+            assert self.db_table is None, "Cannot specify a db_table if an intermediary model is used."
+
+        Field.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        msg = _('Hold down "Control", or "Command" on a Mac, to select more than one.')
+        self.help_text = string_concat(self.help_text, ' ', msg)
+
+    def get_choices_default(self):
+        return Field.get_choices(self, include_blank=False)
+
+    def _get_m2m_db_table(self, opts):
+        "Function that can be curried to provide the m2m table name for this relation"
+        if self.rel.through is not None:
+            return self.rel.through._meta.db_table
+        elif self.db_table:
+            return self.db_table
+        else:
+            return util.truncate_name('%s_%s' % (opts.db_table, self.name),
+                                      connection.ops.max_name_length())
+
+    def _get_m2m_attr(self, related, attr):
+        "Function that can be curried to provide the source accessor or DB column name for the m2m table"
+        cache_attr = '_m2m_%s_cache' % attr
+        if hasattr(self, cache_attr):
+            return getattr(self, cache_attr)
+        for f in self.rel.through._meta.fields:
+            if hasattr(f,'rel') and f.rel and f.rel.to == related.model:
+                setattr(self, cache_attr, getattr(f, attr))
+                return getattr(self, cache_attr)
+
+    def _get_m2m_reverse_attr(self, related, attr):
+        "Function that can be curried to provide the related accessor or DB column name for the m2m table"
+        cache_attr = '_m2m_reverse_%s_cache' % attr
+        if hasattr(self, cache_attr):
+            return getattr(self, cache_attr)
+        found = False
+        for f in self.rel.through._meta.fields:
+            if hasattr(f,'rel') and f.rel and f.rel.to == related.parent_model:
+                if related.model == related.parent_model:
+                    # If this is an m2m-intermediate to self,
+                    # the first foreign key you find will be
+                    # the source column. Keep searching for
+                    # the second foreign key.
+                    if found:
+                        setattr(self, cache_attr, getattr(f, attr))
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        found = True
+                else:
+                    setattr(self, cache_attr, getattr(f, attr))
+                    break
+        return getattr(self, cache_attr)
+
+    def isValidIDList(self, field_data, all_data):
+        "Validates that the value is a valid list of foreign keys"
+        mod = self.rel.to
+        try:
+            pks = map(int, field_data.split(','))
+        except ValueError:
+            # the CommaSeparatedIntegerField validator will catch this error
+            return
+        objects = mod._default_manager.in_bulk(pks)
+        if len(objects) != len(pks):
+            badkeys = [k for k in pks if k not in objects]
+            raise exceptions.ValidationError(
+                ungettext("Please enter valid %(self)s IDs. The value %(value)r is invalid.",
+                          "Please enter valid %(self)s IDs. The values %(value)r are invalid.",
+                          len(badkeys)) % {
+                'self': self.verbose_name,
+                'value': len(badkeys) == 1 and badkeys[0] or tuple(badkeys),
+            })
+
+    def value_to_string(self, obj):
+        data = ''
+        if obj:
+            qs = getattr(obj, self.name).all()
+            data = [instance._get_pk_val() for instance in qs]
+        else:
+            # In required many-to-many fields with only one available choice,
+            # select that one available choice.
+            if not self.blank:
+                choices_list = self.get_choices_default()
+                if len(choices_list) == 1:
+                    data = [choices_list[0][0]]
+        return smart_unicode(data)
+
+    def contribute_to_class(self, cls, name):
+        # To support multiple relations to self, it's useful to have a non-None
+        # related name on symmetrical relations for internal reasons. The
+        # concept doesn't make a lot of sense externally ("you want me to
+        # specify *what* on my non-reversible relation?!"), so we set it up
+        # automatically. The funky name reduces the chance of an accidental
+        # clash.
+        if self.rel.symmetrical and (self.rel.to == "self" or self.rel.to == cls._meta.object_name):
+            self.rel.related_name = "%s_rel_+" % name
+
+        super(ManyToManyField, self).contribute_to_class(cls, name)
+
+        # The intermediate m2m model is not auto created if:
+        #  1) There is a manually specified intermediate, or
+        #  2) The class owning the m2m field is abstract.
+        if not self.rel.through and not cls._meta.abstract:
+            self.rel.through = create_many_to_many_intermediary_model(self, cls)
+
+        # Add the descriptor for the m2m relation
+        setattr(cls, self.name, ReverseManyRelatedObjectsDescriptor(self))
+
+        # Set up the accessor for the m2m table name for the relation
+        self.m2m_db_table = curry(self._get_m2m_db_table, cls._meta)
+
+        # Populate some necessary rel arguments so that cross-app relations
+        # work correctly.
+        if isinstance(self.rel.through, basestring):
+            def resolve_through_model(field, model, cls):
+                field.rel.through = model
+            add_lazy_relation(cls, self, self.rel.through, resolve_through_model)
+
+        if isinstance(self.rel.to, basestring):
+            target = self.rel.to
+        else:
+            target = self.rel.to._meta.db_table
+        cls._meta.duplicate_targets[self.column] = (target, "m2m")
+
+    def contribute_to_related_class(self, cls, related):
+        # Internal M2Ms (i.e., those with a related name ending with '+')
+        # don't get a related descriptor.
+        if not self.rel.is_hidden():
+            setattr(cls, related.get_accessor_name(), ManyRelatedObjectsDescriptor(related))
+
+        # Set up the accessors for the column names on the m2m table
+        self.m2m_column_name = curry(self._get_m2m_attr, related, 'column')
+        self.m2m_reverse_name = curry(self._get_m2m_reverse_attr, related, 'column')
+
+        self.m2m_field_name = curry(self._get_m2m_attr, related, 'name')
+        self.m2m_reverse_field_name = curry(self._get_m2m_reverse_attr, related, 'name')
+
+    def set_attributes_from_rel(self):
+        pass
+
+    def value_from_object(self, obj):
+        "Returns the value of this field in the given model instance."
+        return getattr(obj, self.attname).all()
+
+    def save_form_data(self, instance, data):
+        setattr(instance, self.attname, data)
+
+    def formfield(self, **kwargs):
+        db = kwargs.pop('using', None)
+        defaults = {
+            'form_class': forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField,
+            'queryset': self.rel.to._default_manager.using(db).complex_filter(self.rel.limit_choices_to)
+        }
+        defaults.update(kwargs)
+        # If initial is passed in, it's a list of related objects, but the
+        # MultipleChoiceField takes a list of IDs.
+        if defaults.get('initial') is not None:
+            initial = defaults['initial']
+            if callable(initial):
+                initial = initial()
+            defaults['initial'] = [i._get_pk_val() for i in initial]
+        return super(ManyToManyField, self).formfield(**defaults)
+
+    def db_type(self, connection):
+        # A ManyToManyField is not represented by a single column,
+        # so return None.
+        return None