web/lib/django/db/models/query.py
changeset 0 0d40e90630ef
child 29 cc9b7e14412b
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/lib/django/db/models/query.py	Wed Jan 20 00:34:04 2010 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,1087 @@
+"""
+The main QuerySet implementation. This provides the public API for the ORM.
+"""
+
+try:
+    set
+except NameError:
+    from sets import Set as set     # Python 2.3 fallback
+
+from copy import deepcopy
+
+from django.db import connection, transaction, IntegrityError
+from django.db.models.aggregates import Aggregate
+from django.db.models.fields import DateField
+from django.db.models.query_utils import Q, select_related_descend, CollectedObjects, CyclicDependency, deferred_class_factory
+from django.db.models import signals, sql
+
+
+# Used to control how many objects are worked with at once in some cases (e.g.
+# when deleting objects).
+CHUNK_SIZE = 100
+ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = CHUNK_SIZE
+
+# The maximum number of items to display in a QuerySet.__repr__
+REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE = 20
+
+# Pull into this namespace for backwards compatibility.
+EmptyResultSet = sql.EmptyResultSet
+
+class QuerySet(object):
+    """
+    Represents a lazy database lookup for a set of objects.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, model=None, query=None):
+        self.model = model
+        self.query = query or sql.Query(self.model, connection)
+        self._result_cache = None
+        self._iter = None
+        self._sticky_filter = False
+
+    ########################
+    # PYTHON MAGIC METHODS #
+    ########################
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+        """
+        Deep copy of a QuerySet doesn't populate the cache
+        """
+        obj_dict = deepcopy(self.__dict__, memo)
+        obj_dict['_iter'] = None
+
+        obj = self.__class__()
+        obj.__dict__.update(obj_dict)
+        return obj
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """
+        Allows the QuerySet to be pickled.
+        """
+        # Force the cache to be fully populated.
+        len(self)
+
+        obj_dict = self.__dict__.copy()
+        obj_dict['_iter'] = None
+        return obj_dict
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        data = list(self[:REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE + 1])
+        if len(data) > REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE:
+            data[-1] = "...(remaining elements truncated)..."
+        return repr(data)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        # Since __len__ is called quite frequently (for example, as part of
+        # list(qs), we make some effort here to be as efficient as possible
+        # whilst not messing up any existing iterators against the QuerySet.
+        if self._result_cache is None:
+            if self._iter:
+                self._result_cache = list(self._iter)
+            else:
+                self._result_cache = list(self.iterator())
+        elif self._iter:
+            self._result_cache.extend(list(self._iter))
+        return len(self._result_cache)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        if self._result_cache is None:
+            self._iter = self.iterator()
+            self._result_cache = []
+        if self._iter:
+            return self._result_iter()
+        # Python's list iterator is better than our version when we're just
+        # iterating over the cache.
+        return iter(self._result_cache)
+
+    def _result_iter(self):
+        pos = 0
+        while 1:
+            upper = len(self._result_cache)
+            while pos < upper:
+                yield self._result_cache[pos]
+                pos = pos + 1
+            if not self._iter:
+                raise StopIteration
+            if len(self._result_cache) <= pos:
+                self._fill_cache()
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        if self._result_cache is not None:
+            return bool(self._result_cache)
+        try:
+            iter(self).next()
+        except StopIteration:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __getitem__(self, k):
+        """
+        Retrieves an item or slice from the set of results.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(k, (slice, int, long)):
+            raise TypeError
+        assert ((not isinstance(k, slice) and (k >= 0))
+                or (isinstance(k, slice) and (k.start is None or k.start >= 0)
+                    and (k.stop is None or k.stop >= 0))), \
+                "Negative indexing is not supported."
+
+        if self._result_cache is not None:
+            if self._iter is not None:
+                # The result cache has only been partially populated, so we may
+                # need to fill it out a bit more.
+                if isinstance(k, slice):
+                    if k.stop is not None:
+                        # Some people insist on passing in strings here.
+                        bound = int(k.stop)
+                    else:
+                        bound = None
+                else:
+                    bound = k + 1
+                if len(self._result_cache) < bound:
+                    self._fill_cache(bound - len(self._result_cache))
+            return self._result_cache[k]
+
+        if isinstance(k, slice):
+            qs = self._clone()
+            if k.start is not None:
+                start = int(k.start)
+            else:
+                start = None
+            if k.stop is not None:
+                stop = int(k.stop)
+            else:
+                stop = None
+            qs.query.set_limits(start, stop)
+            return k.step and list(qs)[::k.step] or qs
+        try:
+            qs = self._clone()
+            qs.query.set_limits(k, k + 1)
+            return list(qs)[0]
+        except self.model.DoesNotExist, e:
+            raise IndexError, e.args
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        self._merge_sanity_check(other)
+        if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet):
+            return other._clone()
+        combined = self._clone()
+        combined.query.combine(other.query, sql.AND)
+        return combined
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        self._merge_sanity_check(other)
+        combined = self._clone()
+        if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet):
+            return combined
+        combined.query.combine(other.query, sql.OR)
+        return combined
+
+    ####################################
+    # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
+    ####################################
+
+    def iterator(self):
+        """
+        An iterator over the results from applying this QuerySet to the
+        database.
+        """
+        fill_cache = self.query.select_related
+        if isinstance(fill_cache, dict):
+            requested = fill_cache
+        else:
+            requested = None
+        max_depth = self.query.max_depth
+
+        extra_select = self.query.extra_select.keys()
+        aggregate_select = self.query.aggregate_select.keys()
+
+        only_load = self.query.get_loaded_field_names()
+        if not fill_cache:
+            fields = self.model._meta.fields
+            pk_idx = self.model._meta.pk_index()
+
+        index_start = len(extra_select)
+        aggregate_start = index_start + len(self.model._meta.fields)
+
+        load_fields = []
+        # If only/defer clauses have been specified,
+        # build the list of fields that are to be loaded.
+        if only_load:
+            for field, model in self.model._meta.get_fields_with_model():
+                if model is None:
+                    model = self.model
+                if field == self.model._meta.pk:
+                    # Record the index of the primary key when it is found
+                    pk_idx = len(load_fields)
+                try:
+                    if field.name in only_load[model]:
+                        # Add a field that has been explicitly included
+                        load_fields.append(field.name)
+                except KeyError:
+                    # Model wasn't explicitly listed in the only_load table
+                    # Therefore, we need to load all fields from this model
+                    load_fields.append(field.name)
+
+        skip = None
+        if load_fields and not fill_cache:
+            # Some fields have been deferred, so we have to initialise
+            # via keyword arguments.
+            skip = set()
+            init_list = []
+            for field in fields:
+                if field.name not in load_fields:
+                    skip.add(field.attname)
+                else:
+                    init_list.append(field.attname)
+            model_cls = deferred_class_factory(self.model, skip)
+
+        for row in self.query.results_iter():
+            if fill_cache:
+                obj, _ = get_cached_row(self.model, row,
+                            index_start, max_depth,
+                            requested=requested, offset=len(aggregate_select),
+                            only_load=only_load)
+            else:
+                if skip:
+                    row_data = row[index_start:aggregate_start]
+                    pk_val = row_data[pk_idx]
+                    obj = model_cls(**dict(zip(init_list, row_data)))
+                else:
+                    # Omit aggregates in object creation.
+                    obj = self.model(*row[index_start:aggregate_start])
+
+            for i, k in enumerate(extra_select):
+                setattr(obj, k, row[i])
+
+            # Add the aggregates to the model
+            for i, aggregate in enumerate(aggregate_select):
+                setattr(obj, aggregate, row[i+aggregate_start])
+
+            yield obj
+
+    def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Returns a dictionary containing the calculations (aggregation)
+        over the current queryset
+
+        If args is present the expression is passed as a kwarg ussing
+        the Aggregate object's default alias.
+        """
+        for arg in args:
+            kwargs[arg.default_alias] = arg
+
+        query = self.query.clone()
+
+        for (alias, aggregate_expr) in kwargs.items():
+            query.add_aggregate(aggregate_expr, self.model, alias,
+                is_summary=True)
+
+        return query.get_aggregation()
+
+    def count(self):
+        """
+        Performs a SELECT COUNT() and returns the number of records as an
+        integer.
+
+        If the QuerySet is already fully cached this simply returns the length
+        of the cached results set to avoid multiple SELECT COUNT(*) calls.
+        """
+        if self._result_cache is not None and not self._iter:
+            return len(self._result_cache)
+
+        return self.query.get_count()
+
+    def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Performs the query and returns a single object matching the given
+        keyword arguments.
+        """
+        clone = self.filter(*args, **kwargs)
+        num = len(clone)
+        if num == 1:
+            return clone._result_cache[0]
+        if not num:
+            raise self.model.DoesNotExist("%s matching query does not exist."
+                    % self.model._meta.object_name)
+        raise self.model.MultipleObjectsReturned("get() returned more than one %s -- it returned %s! Lookup parameters were %s"
+                % (self.model._meta.object_name, num, kwargs))
+
+    def create(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Creates a new object with the given kwargs, saving it to the database
+        and returning the created object.
+        """
+        obj = self.model(**kwargs)
+        obj.save(force_insert=True)
+        return obj
+
+    def get_or_create(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Looks up an object with the given kwargs, creating one if necessary.
+        Returns a tuple of (object, created), where created is a boolean
+        specifying whether an object was created.
+        """
+        assert kwargs, \
+                'get_or_create() must be passed at least one keyword argument'
+        defaults = kwargs.pop('defaults', {})
+        try:
+            return self.get(**kwargs), False
+        except self.model.DoesNotExist:
+            try:
+                params = dict([(k, v) for k, v in kwargs.items() if '__' not in k])
+                params.update(defaults)
+                obj = self.model(**params)
+                sid = transaction.savepoint()
+                obj.save(force_insert=True)
+                transaction.savepoint_commit(sid)
+                return obj, True
+            except IntegrityError, e:
+                transaction.savepoint_rollback(sid)
+                try:
+                    return self.get(**kwargs), False
+                except self.model.DoesNotExist:
+                    raise e
+
+    def latest(self, field_name=None):
+        """
+        Returns the latest object, according to the model's 'get_latest_by'
+        option or optional given field_name.
+        """
+        latest_by = field_name or self.model._meta.get_latest_by
+        assert bool(latest_by), "latest() requires either a field_name parameter or 'get_latest_by' in the model"
+        assert self.query.can_filter(), \
+                "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken."
+        obj = self._clone()
+        obj.query.set_limits(high=1)
+        obj.query.add_ordering('-%s' % latest_by)
+        return obj.get()
+
+    def in_bulk(self, id_list):
+        """
+        Returns a dictionary mapping each of the given IDs to the object with
+        that ID.
+        """
+        assert self.query.can_filter(), \
+                "Cannot use 'limit' or 'offset' with in_bulk"
+        assert isinstance(id_list, (tuple,  list)), \
+                "in_bulk() must be provided with a list of IDs."
+        if not id_list:
+            return {}
+        qs = self._clone()
+        qs.query.add_filter(('pk__in', id_list))
+        return dict([(obj._get_pk_val(), obj) for obj in qs.iterator()])
+
+    def delete(self):
+        """
+        Deletes the records in the current QuerySet.
+        """
+        assert self.query.can_filter(), \
+                "Cannot use 'limit' or 'offset' with delete."
+
+        del_query = self._clone()
+
+        # Disable non-supported fields.
+        del_query.query.select_related = False
+        del_query.query.clear_ordering()
+
+        # Delete objects in chunks to prevent the list of related objects from
+        # becoming too long.
+        seen_objs = None
+        while 1:
+            # Collect all the objects to be deleted in this chunk, and all the
+            # objects that are related to the objects that are to be deleted.
+            seen_objs = CollectedObjects(seen_objs)
+            for object in del_query[:CHUNK_SIZE]:
+                object._collect_sub_objects(seen_objs)
+
+            if not seen_objs:
+                break
+            delete_objects(seen_objs)
+
+        # Clear the result cache, in case this QuerySet gets reused.
+        self._result_cache = None
+    delete.alters_data = True
+
+    def update(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Updates all elements in the current QuerySet, setting all the given
+        fields to the appropriate values.
+        """
+        assert self.query.can_filter(), \
+                "Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken."
+        query = self.query.clone(sql.UpdateQuery)
+        query.add_update_values(kwargs)
+        if not transaction.is_managed():
+            transaction.enter_transaction_management()
+            forced_managed = True
+        else:
+            forced_managed = False
+        try:
+            rows = query.execute_sql(None)
+            if forced_managed:
+                transaction.commit()
+            else:
+                transaction.commit_unless_managed()
+        finally:
+            if forced_managed:
+                transaction.leave_transaction_management()
+        self._result_cache = None
+        return rows
+    update.alters_data = True
+
+    def _update(self, values):
+        """
+        A version of update that accepts field objects instead of field names.
+        Used primarily for model saving and not intended for use by general
+        code (it requires too much poking around at model internals to be
+        useful at that level).
+        """
+        assert self.query.can_filter(), \
+                "Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken."
+        query = self.query.clone(sql.UpdateQuery)
+        query.add_update_fields(values)
+        self._result_cache = None
+        return query.execute_sql(None)
+    _update.alters_data = True
+
+    ##################################################
+    # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
+    ##################################################
+
+    def values(self, *fields):
+        return self._clone(klass=ValuesQuerySet, setup=True, _fields=fields)
+
+    def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):
+        flat = kwargs.pop('flat', False)
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError('Unexpected keyword arguments to values_list: %s'
+                    % (kwargs.keys(),))
+        if flat and len(fields) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("'flat' is not valid when values_list is called with more than one field.")
+        return self._clone(klass=ValuesListQuerySet, setup=True, flat=flat,
+                _fields=fields)
+
+    def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
+        """
+        Returns a list of datetime objects representing all available dates for
+        the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'.
+        """
+        assert kind in ("month", "year", "day"), \
+                "'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month' or 'day'."
+        assert order in ('ASC', 'DESC'), \
+                "'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'."
+        return self._clone(klass=DateQuerySet, setup=True,
+                _field_name=field_name, _kind=kind, _order=order)
+
+    def none(self):
+        """
+        Returns an empty QuerySet.
+        """
+        return self._clone(klass=EmptyQuerySet)
+
+    ##################################################################
+    # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
+    ##################################################################
+
+    def all(self):
+        """
+        Returns a new QuerySet that is a copy of the current one. This allows a
+        QuerySet to proxy for a model manager in some cases.
+        """
+        return self._clone()
+
+    def filter(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Returns a new QuerySet instance with the args ANDed to the existing
+        set.
+        """
+        return self._filter_or_exclude(False, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Returns a new QuerySet instance with NOT (args) ANDed to the existing
+        set.
+        """
+        return self._filter_or_exclude(True, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _filter_or_exclude(self, negate, *args, **kwargs):
+        if args or kwargs:
+            assert self.query.can_filter(), \
+                    "Cannot filter a query once a slice has been taken."
+
+        clone = self._clone()
+        if negate:
+            clone.query.add_q(~Q(*args, **kwargs))
+        else:
+            clone.query.add_q(Q(*args, **kwargs))
+        return clone
+
+    def complex_filter(self, filter_obj):
+        """
+        Returns a new QuerySet instance with filter_obj added to the filters.
+
+        filter_obj can be a Q object (or anything with an add_to_query()
+        method) or a dictionary of keyword lookup arguments.
+
+        This exists to support framework features such as 'limit_choices_to',
+        and usually it will be more natural to use other methods.
+        """
+        if isinstance(filter_obj, Q) or hasattr(filter_obj, 'add_to_query'):
+            clone = self._clone()
+            clone.query.add_q(filter_obj)
+            return clone
+        else:
+            return self._filter_or_exclude(None, **filter_obj)
+
+    def select_related(self, *fields, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Returns a new QuerySet instance that will select related objects.
+
+        If fields are specified, they must be ForeignKey fields and only those
+        related objects are included in the selection.
+        """
+        depth = kwargs.pop('depth', 0)
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError('Unexpected keyword arguments to select_related: %s'
+                    % (kwargs.keys(),))
+        obj = self._clone()
+        if fields:
+            if depth:
+                raise TypeError('Cannot pass both "depth" and fields to select_related()')
+            obj.query.add_select_related(fields)
+        else:
+            obj.query.select_related = True
+        if depth:
+            obj.query.max_depth = depth
+        return obj
+
+    def dup_select_related(self, other):
+        """
+        Copies the related selection status from the QuerySet 'other' to the
+        current QuerySet.
+        """
+        self.query.select_related = other.query.select_related
+
+    def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Return a query set in which the returned objects have been annotated
+        with data aggregated from related fields.
+        """
+        for arg in args:
+            kwargs[arg.default_alias] = arg
+
+        obj = self._clone()
+
+        obj._setup_aggregate_query(kwargs.keys())
+
+        # Add the aggregates to the query
+        for (alias, aggregate_expr) in kwargs.items():
+            obj.query.add_aggregate(aggregate_expr, self.model, alias,
+                is_summary=False)
+
+        return obj
+
+    def order_by(self, *field_names):
+        """
+        Returns a new QuerySet instance with the ordering changed.
+        """
+        assert self.query.can_filter(), \
+                "Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken."
+        obj = self._clone()
+        obj.query.clear_ordering()
+        obj.query.add_ordering(*field_names)
+        return obj
+
+    def distinct(self, true_or_false=True):
+        """
+        Returns a new QuerySet instance that will select only distinct results.
+        """
+        obj = self._clone()
+        obj.query.distinct = true_or_false
+        return obj
+
+    def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None,
+              order_by=None, select_params=None):
+        """
+        Adds extra SQL fragments to the query.
+        """
+        assert self.query.can_filter(), \
+                "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken"
+        clone = self._clone()
+        clone.query.add_extra(select, select_params, where, params, tables, order_by)
+        return clone
+
+    def reverse(self):
+        """
+        Reverses the ordering of the QuerySet.
+        """
+        clone = self._clone()
+        clone.query.standard_ordering = not clone.query.standard_ordering
+        return clone
+
+    def defer(self, *fields):
+        """
+        Defers the loading of data for certain fields until they are accessed.
+        The set of fields to defer is added to any existing set of deferred
+        fields. The only exception to this is if None is passed in as the only
+        parameter, in which case all deferrals are removed (None acts as a
+        reset option).
+        """
+        clone = self._clone()
+        if fields == (None,):
+            clone.query.clear_deferred_loading()
+        else:
+            clone.query.add_deferred_loading(fields)
+        return clone
+
+    def only(self, *fields):
+        """
+        Essentially, the opposite of defer. Only the fields passed into this
+        method and that are not already specified as deferred are loaded
+        immediately when the queryset is evaluated.
+        """
+        if fields == (None,):
+            # Can only pass None to defer(), not only(), as the rest option.
+            # That won't stop people trying to do this, so let's be explicit.
+            raise TypeError("Cannot pass None as an argument to only().")
+        clone = self._clone()
+        clone.query.add_immediate_loading(fields)
+        return clone
+
+    ###################################
+    # PUBLIC INTROSPECTION ATTRIBUTES #
+    ###################################
+
+    def ordered(self):
+        """
+        Returns True if the QuerySet is ordered -- i.e. has an order_by()
+        clause or a default ordering on the model.
+        """
+        if self.query.extra_order_by or self.query.order_by:
+            return True
+        elif self.query.default_ordering and self.query.model._meta.ordering:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+    ordered = property(ordered)
+
+    ###################
+    # PRIVATE METHODS #
+    ###################
+
+    def _clone(self, klass=None, setup=False, **kwargs):
+        if klass is None:
+            klass = self.__class__
+        query = self.query.clone()
+        if self._sticky_filter:
+            query.filter_is_sticky = True
+        c = klass(model=self.model, query=query)
+        c.__dict__.update(kwargs)
+        if setup and hasattr(c, '_setup_query'):
+            c._setup_query()
+        return c
+
+    def _fill_cache(self, num=None):
+        """
+        Fills the result cache with 'num' more entries (or until the results
+        iterator is exhausted).
+        """
+        if self._iter:
+            try:
+                for i in range(num or ITER_CHUNK_SIZE):
+                    self._result_cache.append(self._iter.next())
+            except StopIteration:
+                self._iter = None
+
+    def _next_is_sticky(self):
+        """
+        Indicates that the next filter call and the one following that should
+        be treated as a single filter. This is only important when it comes to
+        determining when to reuse tables for many-to-many filters. Required so
+        that we can filter naturally on the results of related managers.
+
+        This doesn't return a clone of the current QuerySet (it returns
+        "self"). The method is only used internally and should be immediately
+        followed by a filter() that does create a clone.
+        """
+        self._sticky_filter = True
+        return self
+
+    def _merge_sanity_check(self, other):
+        """
+        Checks that we are merging two comparable QuerySet classes. By default
+        this does nothing, but see the ValuesQuerySet for an example of where
+        it's useful.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _setup_aggregate_query(self, aggregates):
+        """
+        Prepare the query for computing a result that contains aggregate annotations.
+        """
+        opts = self.model._meta
+        if self.query.group_by is None:
+            field_names = [f.attname for f in opts.fields]
+            self.query.add_fields(field_names, False)
+            self.query.set_group_by()
+
+    def _as_sql(self):
+        """
+        Returns the internal query's SQL and parameters (as a tuple).
+        """
+        obj = self.values("pk")
+        return obj.query.as_nested_sql()
+
+    # When used as part of a nested query, a queryset will never be an "always
+    # empty" result.
+    value_annotation = True
+
+class ValuesQuerySet(QuerySet):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(ValuesQuerySet, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        # select_related isn't supported in values(). (FIXME -#3358)
+        self.query.select_related = False
+
+        # QuerySet.clone() will also set up the _fields attribute with the
+        # names of the model fields to select.
+
+    def iterator(self):
+        # Purge any extra columns that haven't been explicitly asked for
+        extra_names = self.query.extra_select.keys()
+        field_names = self.field_names
+        aggregate_names = self.query.aggregate_select.keys()
+
+        names = extra_names + field_names + aggregate_names
+
+        for row in self.query.results_iter():
+            yield dict(zip(names, row))
+
+    def _setup_query(self):
+        """
+        Constructs the field_names list that the values query will be
+        retrieving.
+
+        Called by the _clone() method after initializing the rest of the
+        instance.
+        """
+        self.query.clear_deferred_loading()
+        self.query.clear_select_fields()
+
+        if self._fields:
+            self.extra_names = []
+            self.aggregate_names = []
+            if not self.query.extra and not self.query.aggregates:
+                # Short cut - if there are no extra or aggregates, then
+                # the values() clause must be just field names.
+                self.field_names = list(self._fields)
+            else:
+                self.query.default_cols = False
+                self.field_names = []
+                for f in self._fields:
+                    # we inspect the full extra_select list since we might
+                    # be adding back an extra select item that we hadn't
+                    # had selected previously.
+                    if self.query.extra.has_key(f):
+                        self.extra_names.append(f)
+                    elif self.query.aggregate_select.has_key(f):
+                        self.aggregate_names.append(f)
+                    else:
+                        self.field_names.append(f)
+        else:
+            # Default to all fields.
+            self.extra_names = None
+            self.field_names = [f.attname for f in self.model._meta.fields]
+            self.aggregate_names = None
+
+        self.query.select = []
+        if self.extra_names is not None:
+            self.query.set_extra_mask(self.extra_names)
+        self.query.add_fields(self.field_names, False)
+        if self.aggregate_names is not None:
+            self.query.set_aggregate_mask(self.aggregate_names)
+
+    def _clone(self, klass=None, setup=False, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Cloning a ValuesQuerySet preserves the current fields.
+        """
+        c = super(ValuesQuerySet, self)._clone(klass, **kwargs)
+        if not hasattr(c, '_fields'):
+            # Only clone self._fields if _fields wasn't passed into the cloning
+            # call directly.
+            c._fields = self._fields[:]
+        c.field_names = self.field_names
+        c.extra_names = self.extra_names
+        c.aggregate_names = self.aggregate_names
+        if setup and hasattr(c, '_setup_query'):
+            c._setup_query()
+        return c
+
+    def _merge_sanity_check(self, other):
+        super(ValuesQuerySet, self)._merge_sanity_check(other)
+        if (set(self.extra_names) != set(other.extra_names) or
+                set(self.field_names) != set(other.field_names) or
+                self.aggregate_names != other.aggregate_names):
+            raise TypeError("Merging '%s' classes must involve the same values in each case."
+                    % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def _setup_aggregate_query(self, aggregates):
+        """
+        Prepare the query for computing a result that contains aggregate annotations.
+        """
+        self.query.set_group_by()
+
+        if self.aggregate_names is not None:
+            self.aggregate_names.extend(aggregates)
+            self.query.set_aggregate_mask(self.aggregate_names)
+
+        super(ValuesQuerySet, self)._setup_aggregate_query(aggregates)
+
+    def _as_sql(self):
+        """
+        For ValueQuerySet (and subclasses like ValuesListQuerySet), they can
+        only be used as nested queries if they're already set up to select only
+        a single field (in which case, that is the field column that is
+        returned). This differs from QuerySet.as_sql(), where the column to
+        select is set up by Django.
+        """
+        if ((self._fields and len(self._fields) > 1) or
+                (not self._fields and len(self.model._meta.fields) > 1)):
+            raise TypeError('Cannot use a multi-field %s as a filter value.'
+                    % self.__class__.__name__)
+        return self._clone().query.as_nested_sql()
+
+class ValuesListQuerySet(ValuesQuerySet):
+    def iterator(self):
+        if self.flat and len(self._fields) == 1:
+            for row in self.query.results_iter():
+                yield row[0]
+        elif not self.query.extra_select and not self.query.aggregate_select:
+            for row in self.query.results_iter():
+                yield tuple(row)
+        else:
+            # When extra(select=...) or an annotation is involved, the extra
+            # cols are always at the start of the row, and we need to reorder
+            # the fields to match the order in self._fields.
+            extra_names = self.query.extra_select.keys()
+            field_names = self.field_names
+            aggregate_names = self.query.aggregate_select.keys()
+
+            names = extra_names + field_names + aggregate_names
+
+            # If a field list has been specified, use it. Otherwise, use the
+            # full list of fields, including extras and aggregates.
+            if self._fields:
+                fields = self._fields
+            else:
+                fields = names
+
+            for row in self.query.results_iter():
+                data = dict(zip(names, row))
+                yield tuple([data[f] for f in fields])
+
+    def _clone(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        clone = super(ValuesListQuerySet, self)._clone(*args, **kwargs)
+        clone.flat = self.flat
+        return clone
+
+
+class DateQuerySet(QuerySet):
+    def iterator(self):
+        return self.query.results_iter()
+
+    def _setup_query(self):
+        """
+        Sets up any special features of the query attribute.
+
+        Called by the _clone() method after initializing the rest of the
+        instance.
+        """
+        self.query.clear_deferred_loading()
+        self.query = self.query.clone(klass=sql.DateQuery, setup=True)
+        self.query.select = []
+        field = self.model._meta.get_field(self._field_name, many_to_many=False)
+        assert isinstance(field, DateField), "%r isn't a DateField." \
+                % field.name
+        self.query.add_date_select(field, self._kind, self._order)
+        if field.null:
+            self.query.add_filter(('%s__isnull' % field.name, False))
+
+    def _clone(self, klass=None, setup=False, **kwargs):
+        c = super(DateQuerySet, self)._clone(klass, False, **kwargs)
+        c._field_name = self._field_name
+        c._kind = self._kind
+        if setup and hasattr(c, '_setup_query'):
+            c._setup_query()
+        return c
+
+
+class EmptyQuerySet(QuerySet):
+    def __init__(self, model=None, query=None):
+        super(EmptyQuerySet, self).__init__(model, query)
+        self._result_cache = []
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        return self._clone()
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return other._clone()
+
+    def count(self):
+        return 0
+
+    def delete(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _clone(self, klass=None, setup=False, **kwargs):
+        c = super(EmptyQuerySet, self)._clone(klass, **kwargs)
+        c._result_cache = []
+        return c
+
+    def iterator(self):
+        # This slightly odd construction is because we need an empty generator
+        # (it raises StopIteration immediately).
+        yield iter([]).next()
+
+    # EmptyQuerySet is always an empty result in where-clauses (and similar
+    # situations).
+    value_annotation = False
+
+
+def get_cached_row(klass, row, index_start, max_depth=0, cur_depth=0,
+                   requested=None, offset=0, only_load=None):
+    """
+    Helper function that recursively returns an object with the specified
+    related attributes already populated.
+    """
+    if max_depth and requested is None and cur_depth > max_depth:
+        # We've recursed deeply enough; stop now.
+        return None
+
+    restricted = requested is not None
+    load_fields = only_load and only_load.get(klass) or None
+    if load_fields:
+        # Handle deferred fields.
+        skip = set()
+        init_list = []
+        pk_val = row[index_start + klass._meta.pk_index()]
+        for field in klass._meta.fields:
+            if field.name not in load_fields:
+                skip.add(field.name)
+            else:
+                init_list.append(field.attname)
+        field_count = len(init_list)
+        fields = row[index_start : index_start + field_count]
+        if fields == (None,) * field_count:
+            obj = None
+        elif skip:
+            klass = deferred_class_factory(klass, skip)
+            obj = klass(**dict(zip(init_list, fields)))
+        else:
+            obj = klass(*fields)
+    else:
+        field_count = len(klass._meta.fields)
+        fields = row[index_start : index_start + field_count]
+        if fields == (None,) * field_count:
+            obj = None
+        else:
+            obj = klass(*fields)
+
+    index_end = index_start + field_count + offset
+    for f in klass._meta.fields:
+        if not select_related_descend(f, restricted, requested):
+            continue
+        if restricted:
+            next = requested[f.name]
+        else:
+            next = None
+        cached_row = get_cached_row(f.rel.to, row, index_end, max_depth,
+                cur_depth+1, next)
+        if cached_row:
+            rel_obj, index_end = cached_row
+            if obj is not None:
+                setattr(obj, f.get_cache_name(), rel_obj)
+    return obj, index_end
+
+def delete_objects(seen_objs):
+    """
+    Iterate through a list of seen classes, and remove any instances that are
+    referred to.
+    """
+    if not transaction.is_managed():
+        transaction.enter_transaction_management()
+        forced_managed = True
+    else:
+        forced_managed = False
+    try:
+        ordered_classes = seen_objs.keys()
+    except CyclicDependency:
+        # If there is a cyclic dependency, we cannot in general delete the
+        # objects.  However, if an appropriate transaction is set up, or if the
+        # database is lax enough, it will succeed. So for now, we go ahead and
+        # try anyway.
+        ordered_classes = seen_objs.unordered_keys()
+
+    obj_pairs = {}
+    try:
+        for cls in ordered_classes:
+            items = seen_objs[cls].items()
+            items.sort()
+            obj_pairs[cls] = items
+
+            # Pre-notify all instances to be deleted.
+            for pk_val, instance in items:
+                signals.pre_delete.send(sender=cls, instance=instance)
+
+            pk_list = [pk for pk,instance in items]
+            del_query = sql.DeleteQuery(cls, connection)
+            del_query.delete_batch_related(pk_list)
+
+            update_query = sql.UpdateQuery(cls, connection)
+            for field, model in cls._meta.get_fields_with_model():
+                if (field.rel and field.null and field.rel.to in seen_objs and
+                        filter(lambda f: f.column == field.rel.get_related_field().column,
+                        field.rel.to._meta.fields)):
+                    if model:
+                        sql.UpdateQuery(model, connection).clear_related(field,
+                                pk_list)
+                    else:
+                        update_query.clear_related(field, pk_list)
+
+        # Now delete the actual data.
+        for cls in ordered_classes:
+            items = obj_pairs[cls]
+            items.reverse()
+
+            pk_list = [pk for pk,instance in items]
+            del_query = sql.DeleteQuery(cls, connection)
+            del_query.delete_batch(pk_list)
+
+            # Last cleanup; set NULLs where there once was a reference to the
+            # object, NULL the primary key of the found objects, and perform
+            # post-notification.
+            for pk_val, instance in items:
+                for field in cls._meta.fields:
+                    if field.rel and field.null and field.rel.to in seen_objs:
+                        setattr(instance, field.attname, None)
+
+                signals.post_delete.send(sender=cls, instance=instance)
+                setattr(instance, cls._meta.pk.attname, None)
+
+        if forced_managed:
+            transaction.commit()
+        else:
+            transaction.commit_unless_managed()
+    finally:
+        if forced_managed:
+            transaction.leave_transaction_management()
+
+
+def insert_query(model, values, return_id=False, raw_values=False):
+    """
+    Inserts a new record for the given model. This provides an interface to
+    the InsertQuery class and is how Model.save() is implemented. It is not
+    part of the public API.
+    """
+    query = sql.InsertQuery(model, connection)
+    query.insert_values(values, raw_values)
+    return query.execute_sql(return_id)